- •1. Write about the dominant synonym and give examples.
- •2. Systematize the problems of lexicography and contrast your point.
- •3. Define about monosemy and polysemy, give examples.
- •4. Write about conversion and suggest the parts of speech especially affected by conversion.
- •5. Evaluate the problems of terms.
- •6. Define the main functions of synonyms and its classification types.
- •7. Contrast the types of formal vocabulary.
- •8. Write about compound words and their main types.
- •9. Evaluate the functions of phraseological units and thematic classification
- •10. Compare the emotionally neutral and emotionally coloured types of English vocabulary grouping.
- •11. Define the types of dictionaries.
- •12. Compare the synonyms and antonyms.
- •13. From the denotational point of view the meaning of the words can be changed into generalization and specialization of words. Give their definitions and examples to them.
- •14. State out the types of Homonyms.
- •15. Give the main causes of borrowings and comment of them.
- •16. Speak about the types of antonyms. Illustrate with examples.
- •17. Contrast the difference between slang and colloquialisms. Give examples.
- •18. Formulate the definition of phraseological units and its functions.
- •19. Define about the context and its types.
- •20. Give the functions of phraseological units and semantic classification.
- •21. Give your points of view on the differences of phraseological units and proverbs. Give examples.
- •22. Define the types of phraseological units from the structural point of view.
- •23. Define the types of phraseological units from the funcional point of view.
- •24. Define the types of phraseological units from the syntactical point of view.
- •25. Evaluate the basic featuers of formal and informal vocabulary. What differentiates them?
- •26. Compare general and special types of dictionarities and give their differences.
- •27. Point out primary and secondary ways of formation of phraseological units.
- •28. Give the common criteria distinguishing free word combinations and phraseological units.
- •29. Write about non-semantic grouping of English vocabulary and its types.
- •30. Write about lexico-grammatical grouping of English vocabulary and its types.
- •31. Write about emotionally neutral and emotionally coloured grouping of English vocabulary and its types.
- •32. Write about stylistically neutral and stylistically coloured grouping of English vocabulary and its types.
- •1) Formal vocabulary (learned words, fiction, poetry).
- •2) Informal vocabulary (slang, dialect words, colloquial words)
- •33. Give characteristic features of etymology of English words.
- •34. Compare and contrast informal types of words and their classification
- •35. Compare and contrast formal types of words and their classification.
- •36. Define the sources of homonyms and general classification of homonyms.
- •37. Define the sources of antonyms and their classification.
- •38. Define the sources of synonyms and their classification from the connotational point of view.
- •39. Give the difference between neutral and coloured or marked vocabulary.
- •40. Comment on context and types if context.
- •41. Speak on the causes and nature of semantic change.
- •42. Speak on the results of semantic change from the denotational and connotational points of view.
- •43. Say the characteristic features of dominant synonyms and examples.
- •44. Define the types of compound words.
- •45. Find out the reason of borrowings and assimilation of borrowings.
- •46. Consider on semantic field and give examples.
- •47. Speak on the minor types of word-formation.
- •48. Speak on the major types of word-formation.
- •1. Semantic classification
- •Origin of prefixes:
- •49. Formulate the difference of formal and informal vocabulary.
- •50. Analyze the types of slang and compare with jargons.
- •51. Classify the colloquial words according to their importance.
- •52. Show the functions of idioms and proverbs.
- •53. Explain the basic problems of lexicography according to their importance.
- •54. Give the aims and objectives of phraseological units.
- •55. Give the correct definition of context and its types.
- •56. Point out the criteria distinguishing major types of word formation.
- •1. Semantic classification
- •Origin of prefixes:
- •57. Point out the criteria distinguishing minor types of word formation.
- •58. Speak on the native suffixes and illustrate with examples.
- •59. Give the difference between productive and non-productive affixes.
- •60. State out the main functions of suffixes and their classification types.
- •61. State out the main functions of prefixes and their classification types.
- •1. Semantic classification
- •2. Origin of prefixes:
- •62. Compare and contrast the neutral and morphological compounds.
- •63. Compare and contrast syntactic and idiomatic compounds.
- •64. Give your points of view on acronomys and ellipses.
- •65. Write at out non-semantic grouping and their types. 29) suraktyn jauabymen birdie
- •66. Express your attitude on the morphological grouping and its types.
- •73. Give the definition of professional terminology.
- •100. Give the correct definition of the term dictionary.
- •105. Give the characteristic features of learner’s dictionaries.
- •106. Define the basic problems of dictionary compiling. 2) suraktyn jauaby
- •107. Speak on three ways in which the word meanings are arranged in a dictionary.
- •108. Speak on the meanings on the words which are defined by means of four definitions.
- •109. Write about words of general use, literary layer of the vocabulary, neutral words.
- •110. Write about the classification of vocabulary according to form, give examples. 36) suraktyn jauaby. Homonyms is classification of vocabulary acc to form
- •111. Write about the classification of vocabulary according to meaning, give examples. 12) suraktyn jauaby
- •112. Give the difference between paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of words.
- •113. List the problems of Lexicology and express your attitude.
- •114. Give the difference between free word combinations and phraseological units.
- •115. Give the difference between British and American English.
- •122. Write about graphical, initial, middle abbrevations.
- •123. Define the formation ways of conversion and give examples. 4) suraktyn jauaby
- •124. Define the formation ways of compound words and give examples. 8) suraktyn jauaby
- •125. Define the formation ways of shortenings and give examples.
- •126. Define the formation ways of affixation and give examples. 56) surakta bar
- •127. Write about external and internal ways of vocabulary development.
- •128. Give the characteristic features of dominant synonyms and illustrate with examples. 43) suraktyn jauaby
- •129. Formulate the aims and principles of contrastive analysis.
- •130. Speak on the etymology of English words. 33) suraktyn jauaby
- •131. Speak on the reasons of appering contrastive methods.
- •132. Speak on the reasons of borrowings and evaluate each of them. 15) suraktyn jauaby
- •133. Give the disadvantages of giving word for word translation of lexical items.
- •134. Give the difference between notional and functional words.
- •135. Give the definition of word-family and illustrate with examples.
- •136. Give a brief account of the main characteristics of a word.
- •144. Give examples of your own to show that affixes have meanings.
- •145. Write about interrelationship between the meaning of a compound word and the meanings of its constituent parts.
- •150. Give the distinctive features of the traditional classification of homonyms, give examples. 14) suraktyn jauaby
61. State out the main functions of prefixes and their classification types.
Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem. Prefixes are more independent than suffixes. Prefixes can be classified according to the nature of words in which they are used: prefixes used in notional words and prefixes used in functional words. Prefixes used in notional words are proper prefixes which are bound morphemes, e.g. un- (unhappy). Prefixes used in functional words are semi-bound morphemes because they are met in the language as words, e.g. over- (overhead, over the table).
The main function of prefixes in English is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech. Prefixes can be classified according to different principles:
1. Semantic classification
a) prefixes of negative meaning, as in- , non-, un- (invaluable, nonformals, unfree)
b) prefixes denoting repetition or reversal actions, as: de-, re-, dis- (decolonize, revegetation, disconnect)
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prefixes denoting time, space, degree relations, as: inter-, hyper-, ex-, pre-, over- (interplanetary, hypertension, ex-student, preelection, overdrugging)
2. Origin of prefixes:
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native (Germanic) as: un-, over-, under-
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Romanic as: in-, de-, ex-, re-
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Greek as: sym-, hyper-
62. Compare and contrast the neutral and morphological compounds.
In neutral compounds the process of compounding is realized without any linking elements, by a mere juxtaposition of two stems. There are three subtypes of neutral compounds depending on the structure of the constituent stems. 1) simple neutral compounds, they consist of simple affixless stems. 2) derived or derivational neutral compounds, they have affixes in their structure. 3) contracted neutral compounds, they have a shortened stem in their structure.
Morphological compounds are few in number. This type is non-productive. It is represented by words in which two compounding stems are combined by a linking vowel or consonant.
63. Compare and contrast syntactic and idiomatic compounds.
In syntactic compounds we once more find a feature of specifically English word structure. These words are formed from segments of speech, preserving in their structure numerous traces of syntagmatic relations typical of speech: articles, prepositions, adverbs.
The compounds whose meaning do not correspond to the separate meanings of their constituent parts are called idiomatic compounds. F : blackboard, blackbird, lady-killer, chatterbox, in these compounds one of the components or both has changed its meaning: a blackboard is neither a board nor necessarily black, a chatterbox not a box but a person, and a lady-killer kills no one but is merely a man who fascinates women, a blackbird is some kind of bird.
64. Give your points of view on acronomys and ellipses.
Transformations of word-groups into words involve different types of lexical shortening: ellipsis or substantivisation, initial letter or syllable abbreviations (also referred to as acronyms), blendings, etc.
Substantivisation consists in dropping of the final nominal member of a frequently used attributive word-group. When such a member of the word-group is dropped as, for example, was the case with a documentary film the remaining adjective takes on the meaning and all the syntactic functions of the noun and thus develops into a new word changing its class membership and becoming homonymous to the existing adjective. It may be illustrated by a number of nouns that appeared in this way, e.g. an incendiary goes back to an incendiary bomb, the finals to the final examinations, an editorial to an editorial article, etc. Other more recent creations are an orbital (Br. ‘a highway going around the suburbs of a city’), a verbal (‘a verbal confession introduced as evidence at a trial’), a topless which goes to three different word-groups and accordingly has three meanings: 1) a topless dress, bathing suit, etc., 2) a waitress, dancer, etc. wearing topless garments, 3) a bar, night-club featuring topless waitresses or performers.
Substantivisation is often accompanied by productive suffixation as in, e.g., a one-winger from one-wing plane, a two-decker from two-deck bus or ship; it may be accompanied by clipping and productive suffixation, e.g. flickers (coll.) from flicking pictures, a smoker from smoking carriage, etc.
Acronyms and letter abbreviations are lexical abbreviations of a phrase. There are different types of such abbreviations and there is no unanimity of opinion among scholars whether all of them can be regarded as regular vocabulary units. It seems logical to make distinction between acronyms and letter abbreviations. Letter abbreviations are mere replacements of longer phrases including names of well-known organisations of undeniable currency, names of agencies and institutions, political parties, famous people, names of official offices, etc. They are not spoken or treated as words but pronounced letter by letter and as a rule possess no other linguistic forms proper to words. The following may serve as examples of such abbreviations: CBW = chemical and biological warfare, DOD = Department of Defence (of the USA), 1TV = Independent Television, Instructional Television, SST = supersonic transport, etc. It should be remembered that the border-line between letter abbreviations and true acronyms is fluid and many letter abbreviations in the course of time may turn into regular vocabulary units. Occasionally letter abbreviations are given ‘pronunciation spelling’ as for instance dejay (= D.J. = disc jokey), emce (= M.C. = master of ceremonies) in which case they tend to pass over into true acronyms.
Acronyms are regular vocabulary units spoken as words. They are formed in various ways:
1) from the initial letters or syllables of a phrase, which may be pronounced differently a) as a succession of sounds denoted by the constituent letters forming a syllabic pattern, i.e. as regular words, e.g. UNO ['ju:nou] = United Nations Organisations; NATO ['neitou] = North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, UNESCO [ju:'neskou]; laser ['leisa] = = light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; radar ['reidэ] = =radio detection and ranging; BMEWS ['bi:mju:z] = Ballistic Missile Early Warning System; b) as a succession of the alphabetical readings of the constituent letters as in, e.g., YCL ['wai’si:'el] = Young Communist League; BBC ['bi:'bi:’si:] = British Broadcasting Corporation; MP ['em'pi:] = Member of Parliament; SOS ['es'ou'es] = Save Our Souls.
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Acronyms may be formed from the initial syllables of each word of the phrase, e.g. Interpol = inter/national pol/ice; tacsatcom = Tactical Satellite Communications: Capcom = Capsule Communicator (the person at a space flight centre who communicates with the astronauts during a space flight).
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Acronyms may be formed by a combination of the abbreviation of the first or the first two members of the phrase with the last member undergoing no change at all, e.g. V-day = Victory Day; H-bomb = = hydrogen bomb; g-force = gravity force, etc.
All acronyms unlike letter abbreviations perform the syntactical functions of ordinary words taking on grammatical inflexions, e.g. MPs (will attack huge arms bill), M.P’s (concern at . . .). They also serve as derivational bases for derived words and easily collocate with derivational suffixes as, e.g. YCLer (= member of the YCL); MPess (= woman-member of Parliament); radarman, etc.