- •1. Write about the dominant synonym and give examples.
- •2. Systematize the problems of lexicography and contrast your point.
- •3. Define about monosemy and polysemy, give examples.
- •4. Write about conversion and suggest the parts of speech especially affected by conversion.
- •5. Evaluate the problems of terms.
- •6. Define the main functions of synonyms and its classification types.
- •7. Contrast the types of formal vocabulary.
- •8. Write about compound words and their main types.
- •9. Evaluate the functions of phraseological units and thematic classification
- •10. Compare the emotionally neutral and emotionally coloured types of English vocabulary grouping.
- •11. Define the types of dictionaries.
- •12. Compare the synonyms and antonyms.
- •13. From the denotational point of view the meaning of the words can be changed into generalization and specialization of words. Give their definitions and examples to them.
- •14. State out the types of Homonyms.
- •15. Give the main causes of borrowings and comment of them.
- •16. Speak about the types of antonyms. Illustrate with examples.
- •17. Contrast the difference between slang and colloquialisms. Give examples.
- •18. Formulate the definition of phraseological units and its functions.
- •19. Define about the context and its types.
- •20. Give the functions of phraseological units and semantic classification.
- •21. Give your points of view on the differences of phraseological units and proverbs. Give examples.
- •22. Define the types of phraseological units from the structural point of view.
- •23. Define the types of phraseological units from the funcional point of view.
- •24. Define the types of phraseological units from the syntactical point of view.
- •25. Evaluate the basic featuers of formal and informal vocabulary. What differentiates them?
- •26. Compare general and special types of dictionarities and give their differences.
- •27. Point out primary and secondary ways of formation of phraseological units.
- •28. Give the common criteria distinguishing free word combinations and phraseological units.
- •29. Write about non-semantic grouping of English vocabulary and its types.
- •30. Write about lexico-grammatical grouping of English vocabulary and its types.
- •31. Write about emotionally neutral and emotionally coloured grouping of English vocabulary and its types.
- •32. Write about stylistically neutral and stylistically coloured grouping of English vocabulary and its types.
- •1) Formal vocabulary (learned words, fiction, poetry).
- •2) Informal vocabulary (slang, dialect words, colloquial words)
- •33. Give characteristic features of etymology of English words.
- •34. Compare and contrast informal types of words and their classification
- •35. Compare and contrast formal types of words and their classification.
- •36. Define the sources of homonyms and general classification of homonyms.
- •37. Define the sources of antonyms and their classification.
- •38. Define the sources of synonyms and their classification from the connotational point of view.
- •39. Give the difference between neutral and coloured or marked vocabulary.
- •40. Comment on context and types if context.
- •41. Speak on the causes and nature of semantic change.
- •42. Speak on the results of semantic change from the denotational and connotational points of view.
- •43. Say the characteristic features of dominant synonyms and examples.
- •44. Define the types of compound words.
- •45. Find out the reason of borrowings and assimilation of borrowings.
- •46. Consider on semantic field and give examples.
- •47. Speak on the minor types of word-formation.
- •48. Speak on the major types of word-formation.
- •1. Semantic classification
- •Origin of prefixes:
- •49. Formulate the difference of formal and informal vocabulary.
- •50. Analyze the types of slang and compare with jargons.
- •51. Classify the colloquial words according to their importance.
- •52. Show the functions of idioms and proverbs.
- •53. Explain the basic problems of lexicography according to their importance.
- •54. Give the aims and objectives of phraseological units.
- •55. Give the correct definition of context and its types.
- •56. Point out the criteria distinguishing major types of word formation.
- •1. Semantic classification
- •Origin of prefixes:
- •57. Point out the criteria distinguishing minor types of word formation.
- •58. Speak on the native suffixes and illustrate with examples.
- •59. Give the difference between productive and non-productive affixes.
- •60. State out the main functions of suffixes and their classification types.
- •61. State out the main functions of prefixes and their classification types.
- •1. Semantic classification
- •2. Origin of prefixes:
- •62. Compare and contrast the neutral and morphological compounds.
- •63. Compare and contrast syntactic and idiomatic compounds.
- •64. Give your points of view on acronomys and ellipses.
- •65. Write at out non-semantic grouping and their types. 29) suraktyn jauabymen birdie
- •66. Express your attitude on the morphological grouping and its types.
- •73. Give the definition of professional terminology.
- •100. Give the correct definition of the term dictionary.
- •105. Give the characteristic features of learner’s dictionaries.
- •106. Define the basic problems of dictionary compiling. 2) suraktyn jauaby
- •107. Speak on three ways in which the word meanings are arranged in a dictionary.
- •108. Speak on the meanings on the words which are defined by means of four definitions.
- •109. Write about words of general use, literary layer of the vocabulary, neutral words.
- •110. Write about the classification of vocabulary according to form, give examples. 36) suraktyn jauaby. Homonyms is classification of vocabulary acc to form
- •111. Write about the classification of vocabulary according to meaning, give examples. 12) suraktyn jauaby
- •112. Give the difference between paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of words.
- •113. List the problems of Lexicology and express your attitude.
- •114. Give the difference between free word combinations and phraseological units.
- •115. Give the difference between British and American English.
- •122. Write about graphical, initial, middle abbrevations.
- •123. Define the formation ways of conversion and give examples. 4) suraktyn jauaby
- •124. Define the formation ways of compound words and give examples. 8) suraktyn jauaby
- •125. Define the formation ways of shortenings and give examples.
- •126. Define the formation ways of affixation and give examples. 56) surakta bar
- •127. Write about external and internal ways of vocabulary development.
- •128. Give the characteristic features of dominant synonyms and illustrate with examples. 43) suraktyn jauaby
- •129. Formulate the aims and principles of contrastive analysis.
- •130. Speak on the etymology of English words. 33) suraktyn jauaby
- •131. Speak on the reasons of appering contrastive methods.
- •132. Speak on the reasons of borrowings and evaluate each of them. 15) suraktyn jauaby
- •133. Give the disadvantages of giving word for word translation of lexical items.
- •134. Give the difference between notional and functional words.
- •135. Give the definition of word-family and illustrate with examples.
- •136. Give a brief account of the main characteristics of a word.
- •144. Give examples of your own to show that affixes have meanings.
- •145. Write about interrelationship between the meaning of a compound word and the meanings of its constituent parts.
- •150. Give the distinctive features of the traditional classification of homonyms, give examples. 14) suraktyn jauaby
110. Write about the classification of vocabulary according to form, give examples. 36) suraktyn jauaby. Homonyms is classification of vocabulary acc to form
111. Write about the classification of vocabulary according to meaning, give examples. 12) suraktyn jauaby
112. Give the difference between paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of words.
Intralinguistic relations of words are basically of two main types: syntagmatic and paradigmatic.
Syntagmatic relations define the meaning the word possesses when it is used in combination with other words in the flow of speech. For example, compare the meaning of the verb to get in He got a letter, He got tired, He got to London and He could not get the piano through the door.
Paradigmatic relations are those that exist between individual lexical items which make up one of the subgroups of vocabulary items, e.g. sets of synonyms, lexico-semantic groups, etc.
Paradigmatic relations define the word-meaning through its interrelation with other members of the subgroup in question. For example, the meaning of the verb to get can be fully understood only in comparison with other items of the synonymic set: get, obtain, receive, etc. Cf. He got a letter, he received a letter, he obtained a letter, etc. Comparing the sentences discussed above we may conclude that an item in a sentence can be usually substituted by one or more than one other items that have identical part-of-speech meaning and similar though not identical lexical meaning.
The difference in the type of subgroups the members of which are substitutable in the flow of speech is usually described as the difference between closed and open sets of lexical items. For example, any one of a number of personal pronouns may occur as the subject of a sentence and the overall sentence structure remains the same. These pronouns are strictly limited in number and therefore form a closed system in which to say he is to say not I, not you, etc. To some extent the meaning of he is defined by the other items in the system (cf., e.g., the English I, you, etc., and the Russian я, ты, вы, etc.).Thesets of items in which the choice is limited to a finite number of alternatives as here are described as closed systems.
The members of closed systems are strictly limited in number and no addition of new items is possible.
The sets in which the number of alternatives is practically infinite as they are continually being adapted to new requirements by the addition of new lexical items are described as open systems. Closed systems are traditionally considered to be the subject matter of grammar, open systems such as lexico-semantic fields, hyponymic, synonymic sets, etc.1 are studied by lexicology.
113. List the problems of Lexicology and express your attitude.
The problems of Lexicology:
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Word-formation
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Semasiology and types of word meaning
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Paradigmatic (synonymy and functional style) and syntagmatic relations of words
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Phraseology
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Lexicography. Types of dictionaries.
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The study of vocabulary as a system.
The problem of word-building is associated with prevailing morphological word-structures and with processes of making new words. Semantics is the study of meaning. Modern approaches to this problem are characterized by two different levels of study: syntagmatic and paradigmatic. On the syntagmatic level, the semantic structure of the word is analysed in its linear relationships with neighbouring words in connected speech. In other words, the semantic characteristics of the word are observed, described and studied on the basis of its typical contexts. On the paradigmatic level, the word is studied in its relationships with other words in the vocabulary system. So, a word may be studied in comparison with other words of similar meaning. Phraseology is the branch of lexicology specializing in word-groups which are characterized by stability of structure and transferred meaning. One further important objective of lexicological studies is the study of the vocabulary of a language as a system. The vocabulary can be studied synchronically, that is, at a given stage of its development, or diachronically, that is, in the context of the processes through which it grew, developed and acquired its modern form. Lexicography is the branch of lexicology that deals with the problems of dictionary compiling.