- •1. Write about the dominant synonym and give examples.
- •2. Systematize the problems of lexicography and contrast your point.
- •3. Define about monosemy and polysemy, give examples.
- •4. Write about conversion and suggest the parts of speech especially affected by conversion.
- •5. Evaluate the problems of terms.
- •6. Define the main functions of synonyms and its classification types.
- •7. Contrast the types of formal vocabulary.
- •8. Write about compound words and their main types.
- •9. Evaluate the functions of phraseological units and thematic classification
- •10. Compare the emotionally neutral and emotionally coloured types of English vocabulary grouping.
- •11. Define the types of dictionaries.
- •12. Compare the synonyms and antonyms.
- •13. From the denotational point of view the meaning of the words can be changed into generalization and specialization of words. Give their definitions and examples to them.
- •14. State out the types of Homonyms.
- •15. Give the main causes of borrowings and comment of them.
- •16. Speak about the types of antonyms. Illustrate with examples.
- •17. Contrast the difference between slang and colloquialisms. Give examples.
- •18. Formulate the definition of phraseological units and its functions.
- •19. Define about the context and its types.
- •20. Give the functions of phraseological units and semantic classification.
- •21. Give your points of view on the differences of phraseological units and proverbs. Give examples.
- •22. Define the types of phraseological units from the structural point of view.
- •23. Define the types of phraseological units from the funcional point of view.
- •24. Define the types of phraseological units from the syntactical point of view.
- •25. Evaluate the basic featuers of formal and informal vocabulary. What differentiates them?
- •26. Compare general and special types of dictionarities and give their differences.
- •27. Point out primary and secondary ways of formation of phraseological units.
- •28. Give the common criteria distinguishing free word combinations and phraseological units.
- •29. Write about non-semantic grouping of English vocabulary and its types.
- •30. Write about lexico-grammatical grouping of English vocabulary and its types.
- •31. Write about emotionally neutral and emotionally coloured grouping of English vocabulary and its types.
- •32. Write about stylistically neutral and stylistically coloured grouping of English vocabulary and its types.
- •1) Formal vocabulary (learned words, fiction, poetry).
- •2) Informal vocabulary (slang, dialect words, colloquial words)
- •33. Give characteristic features of etymology of English words.
- •34. Compare and contrast informal types of words and their classification
- •35. Compare and contrast formal types of words and their classification.
- •36. Define the sources of homonyms and general classification of homonyms.
- •37. Define the sources of antonyms and their classification.
- •38. Define the sources of synonyms and their classification from the connotational point of view.
- •39. Give the difference between neutral and coloured or marked vocabulary.
- •40. Comment on context and types if context.
- •41. Speak on the causes and nature of semantic change.
- •42. Speak on the results of semantic change from the denotational and connotational points of view.
- •43. Say the characteristic features of dominant synonyms and examples.
- •44. Define the types of compound words.
- •45. Find out the reason of borrowings and assimilation of borrowings.
- •46. Consider on semantic field and give examples.
- •47. Speak on the minor types of word-formation.
- •48. Speak on the major types of word-formation.
- •1. Semantic classification
- •Origin of prefixes:
- •49. Formulate the difference of formal and informal vocabulary.
- •50. Analyze the types of slang and compare with jargons.
- •51. Classify the colloquial words according to their importance.
- •52. Show the functions of idioms and proverbs.
- •53. Explain the basic problems of lexicography according to their importance.
- •54. Give the aims and objectives of phraseological units.
- •55. Give the correct definition of context and its types.
- •56. Point out the criteria distinguishing major types of word formation.
- •1. Semantic classification
- •Origin of prefixes:
- •57. Point out the criteria distinguishing minor types of word formation.
- •58. Speak on the native suffixes and illustrate with examples.
- •59. Give the difference between productive and non-productive affixes.
- •60. State out the main functions of suffixes and their classification types.
- •61. State out the main functions of prefixes and their classification types.
- •1. Semantic classification
- •2. Origin of prefixes:
- •62. Compare and contrast the neutral and morphological compounds.
- •63. Compare and contrast syntactic and idiomatic compounds.
- •64. Give your points of view on acronomys and ellipses.
- •65. Write at out non-semantic grouping and their types. 29) suraktyn jauabymen birdie
- •66. Express your attitude on the morphological grouping and its types.
- •73. Give the definition of professional terminology.
- •100. Give the correct definition of the term dictionary.
- •105. Give the characteristic features of learner’s dictionaries.
- •106. Define the basic problems of dictionary compiling. 2) suraktyn jauaby
- •107. Speak on three ways in which the word meanings are arranged in a dictionary.
- •108. Speak on the meanings on the words which are defined by means of four definitions.
- •109. Write about words of general use, literary layer of the vocabulary, neutral words.
- •110. Write about the classification of vocabulary according to form, give examples. 36) suraktyn jauaby. Homonyms is classification of vocabulary acc to form
- •111. Write about the classification of vocabulary according to meaning, give examples. 12) suraktyn jauaby
- •112. Give the difference between paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of words.
- •113. List the problems of Lexicology and express your attitude.
- •114. Give the difference between free word combinations and phraseological units.
- •115. Give the difference between British and American English.
- •122. Write about graphical, initial, middle abbrevations.
- •123. Define the formation ways of conversion and give examples. 4) suraktyn jauaby
- •124. Define the formation ways of compound words and give examples. 8) suraktyn jauaby
- •125. Define the formation ways of shortenings and give examples.
- •126. Define the formation ways of affixation and give examples. 56) surakta bar
- •127. Write about external and internal ways of vocabulary development.
- •128. Give the characteristic features of dominant synonyms and illustrate with examples. 43) suraktyn jauaby
- •129. Formulate the aims and principles of contrastive analysis.
- •130. Speak on the etymology of English words. 33) suraktyn jauaby
- •131. Speak on the reasons of appering contrastive methods.
- •132. Speak on the reasons of borrowings and evaluate each of them. 15) suraktyn jauaby
- •133. Give the disadvantages of giving word for word translation of lexical items.
- •134. Give the difference between notional and functional words.
- •135. Give the definition of word-family and illustrate with examples.
- •136. Give a brief account of the main characteristics of a word.
- •144. Give examples of your own to show that affixes have meanings.
- •145. Write about interrelationship between the meaning of a compound word and the meanings of its constituent parts.
- •150. Give the distinctive features of the traditional classification of homonyms, give examples. 14) suraktyn jauaby
114. Give the difference between free word combinations and phraseological units.
Free word-groups are so called not because of any absolute freedom in using them but simply because they are each time built up a new in the speech process whereas idioms are used as ready-made units with fixed and constant structures. There are two major criteria for distinguishing between phraseological units and free word-groups. 1) structural; 2) semantic.
F: isn’t it rather carrying coals to Newcastle? This cargo ship is carrying coal to Liverpool.
Here we see the semantic difference of the two word-groups consisting of the same essential constituents. In the second sentence the free word-groups is used in the direct sense, the first context quite obviously has nothing to do either with coal or with transporting it, and the meaning of the whole word-group is smth entirely new and far removed from the current meanings of the constituents. Academician V.V.Vinogradov spoke of the semantic change in phraseological units as “a meaning resulting from a peculiar chemical combination of words”. In the traditional approach, phraseological units have been defined as word-groups conveying a single concept (in free word-groups each meaningful component stands for a separate concept). Most Russian scholars today accept the semantic criterion of distinguishing phraseological units from free word-groups as the major one and base their research work in the field of phraseology on the definition of a phraseological unit offered by professor A.V.Koonin, the leading authority on problems of English phraseology in our country: “a phraseological unit is a stable word-group characterized by a completely or partially transferred meaning”. It means that the degree of semantic change in a phraseological unit may vary completely or partially. In actual fact the semantic change may affect either the whole word-group or only of its components. Partially changed meanings are not also the same as semi-fixed or non-phraseological word-groups. The term “idiom” is mostly applied to phraseological units with completely transferred meaning. There are many scholars who regard idioms as the essence of phraseology and the major focus of interest in phraseology research.
The structural criterion or structural invariability is an essential feature of phraseological units, though, some of them possess it to a lesser degree than others. This criterion finds expression in a number of restrictions. 1) restriction in substitution. As a rule, no word can be substituted for any meaningful component of a phraseological unit without destroying its sence, at the same time in free word-groups substitution does not present any dangers and does not lead to any serious consequences, all components can be changed; F: the ship (vessel) boat carries (transports, takes, brings) coal to (any part). 2) restriction in introducing any additional components into the structure of a phraseological unit. In the phraseological unit to carry coals to Newcastle no additional components can be introduced. In oral speech phraseological units mostly preserve their traditional structures and resist the introduction of additional components. 3) restriction in grammatical invariability. Students make mistakes if they use in the following phraseological unit the plural form of fault. F: to find fault with smb (we can’t say faults). It is a mistake in terms of the grammatical invariability of phraseological units. F: from head to foot (feet is mistake).
Phraseological units are word-groups that cannot be made in the process of speech, they exist in the language as ready-made units. Phraseological units express a single notion and are used in a sentence as one part of it. Phraseological units can be classified according to the ways they are formed, according to the degree of the motivation of their meaning, according to their structure and according to their part-of-speech meaning.