- •1. Write about the dominant synonym and give examples.
- •2. Systematize the problems of lexicography and contrast your point.
- •3. Define about monosemy and polysemy, give examples.
- •4. Write about conversion and suggest the parts of speech especially affected by conversion.
- •5. Evaluate the problems of terms.
- •6. Define the main functions of synonyms and its classification types.
- •7. Contrast the types of formal vocabulary.
- •8. Write about compound words and their main types.
- •9. Evaluate the functions of phraseological units and thematic classification
- •10. Compare the emotionally neutral and emotionally coloured types of English vocabulary grouping.
- •11. Define the types of dictionaries.
- •12. Compare the synonyms and antonyms.
- •13. From the denotational point of view the meaning of the words can be changed into generalization and specialization of words. Give their definitions and examples to them.
- •14. State out the types of Homonyms.
- •15. Give the main causes of borrowings and comment of them.
- •16. Speak about the types of antonyms. Illustrate with examples.
- •17. Contrast the difference between slang and colloquialisms. Give examples.
- •18. Formulate the definition of phraseological units and its functions.
- •19. Define about the context and its types.
- •20. Give the functions of phraseological units and semantic classification.
- •21. Give your points of view on the differences of phraseological units and proverbs. Give examples.
- •22. Define the types of phraseological units from the structural point of view.
- •23. Define the types of phraseological units from the funcional point of view.
- •24. Define the types of phraseological units from the syntactical point of view.
- •25. Evaluate the basic featuers of formal and informal vocabulary. What differentiates them?
- •26. Compare general and special types of dictionarities and give their differences.
- •27. Point out primary and secondary ways of formation of phraseological units.
- •28. Give the common criteria distinguishing free word combinations and phraseological units.
- •29. Write about non-semantic grouping of English vocabulary and its types.
- •30. Write about lexico-grammatical grouping of English vocabulary and its types.
- •31. Write about emotionally neutral and emotionally coloured grouping of English vocabulary and its types.
- •32. Write about stylistically neutral and stylistically coloured grouping of English vocabulary and its types.
- •1) Formal vocabulary (learned words, fiction, poetry).
- •2) Informal vocabulary (slang, dialect words, colloquial words)
- •33. Give characteristic features of etymology of English words.
- •34. Compare and contrast informal types of words and their classification
- •35. Compare and contrast formal types of words and their classification.
- •36. Define the sources of homonyms and general classification of homonyms.
- •37. Define the sources of antonyms and their classification.
- •38. Define the sources of synonyms and their classification from the connotational point of view.
- •39. Give the difference between neutral and coloured or marked vocabulary.
- •40. Comment on context and types if context.
- •41. Speak on the causes and nature of semantic change.
- •42. Speak on the results of semantic change from the denotational and connotational points of view.
- •43. Say the characteristic features of dominant synonyms and examples.
- •44. Define the types of compound words.
- •45. Find out the reason of borrowings and assimilation of borrowings.
- •46. Consider on semantic field and give examples.
- •47. Speak on the minor types of word-formation.
- •48. Speak on the major types of word-formation.
- •1. Semantic classification
- •Origin of prefixes:
- •49. Formulate the difference of formal and informal vocabulary.
- •50. Analyze the types of slang and compare with jargons.
- •51. Classify the colloquial words according to their importance.
- •52. Show the functions of idioms and proverbs.
- •53. Explain the basic problems of lexicography according to their importance.
- •54. Give the aims and objectives of phraseological units.
- •55. Give the correct definition of context and its types.
- •56. Point out the criteria distinguishing major types of word formation.
- •1. Semantic classification
- •Origin of prefixes:
- •57. Point out the criteria distinguishing minor types of word formation.
- •58. Speak on the native suffixes and illustrate with examples.
- •59. Give the difference between productive and non-productive affixes.
- •60. State out the main functions of suffixes and their classification types.
- •61. State out the main functions of prefixes and their classification types.
- •1. Semantic classification
- •2. Origin of prefixes:
- •62. Compare and contrast the neutral and morphological compounds.
- •63. Compare and contrast syntactic and idiomatic compounds.
- •64. Give your points of view on acronomys and ellipses.
- •65. Write at out non-semantic grouping and their types. 29) suraktyn jauabymen birdie
- •66. Express your attitude on the morphological grouping and its types.
- •73. Give the definition of professional terminology.
- •100. Give the correct definition of the term dictionary.
- •105. Give the characteristic features of learner’s dictionaries.
- •106. Define the basic problems of dictionary compiling. 2) suraktyn jauaby
- •107. Speak on three ways in which the word meanings are arranged in a dictionary.
- •108. Speak on the meanings on the words which are defined by means of four definitions.
- •109. Write about words of general use, literary layer of the vocabulary, neutral words.
- •110. Write about the classification of vocabulary according to form, give examples. 36) suraktyn jauaby. Homonyms is classification of vocabulary acc to form
- •111. Write about the classification of vocabulary according to meaning, give examples. 12) suraktyn jauaby
- •112. Give the difference between paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of words.
- •113. List the problems of Lexicology and express your attitude.
- •114. Give the difference between free word combinations and phraseological units.
- •115. Give the difference between British and American English.
- •122. Write about graphical, initial, middle abbrevations.
- •123. Define the formation ways of conversion and give examples. 4) suraktyn jauaby
- •124. Define the formation ways of compound words and give examples. 8) suraktyn jauaby
- •125. Define the formation ways of shortenings and give examples.
- •126. Define the formation ways of affixation and give examples. 56) surakta bar
- •127. Write about external and internal ways of vocabulary development.
- •128. Give the characteristic features of dominant synonyms and illustrate with examples. 43) suraktyn jauaby
- •129. Formulate the aims and principles of contrastive analysis.
- •130. Speak on the etymology of English words. 33) suraktyn jauaby
- •131. Speak on the reasons of appering contrastive methods.
- •132. Speak on the reasons of borrowings and evaluate each of them. 15) suraktyn jauaby
- •133. Give the disadvantages of giving word for word translation of lexical items.
- •134. Give the difference between notional and functional words.
- •135. Give the definition of word-family and illustrate with examples.
- •136. Give a brief account of the main characteristics of a word.
- •144. Give examples of your own to show that affixes have meanings.
- •145. Write about interrelationship between the meaning of a compound word and the meanings of its constituent parts.
- •150. Give the distinctive features of the traditional classification of homonyms, give examples. 14) suraktyn jauaby
34. Compare and contrast informal types of words and their classification
Informal words fall into the grouping as: colloquial, slang and dialect words.
Colloquial words are used by everybody and their sphere of used in everyday conversational speech both by cultivated and uneducated people of all age groups. Colloquial words are subdivided into literary colloquial, familiar colloquial and low colloquial. Literary colloquial words are used not only everyday speech but also include the printed page. The borderline of literary colloquial words is not limited. As the examples of literary colloquial words may be
a) a number of shortenings, e.g. pram, exam, fridge, flu, math, movie
b) verb with post-positional adverbs: put up, make up, make out, do away, turn up, turn in
Familiar- colloquial words. The circle of speakers using familiar colloquial is more limited: these words are used mostly by the young and the semi-educated. This vocabulary group closely verges on slang and has smth of its coarse flavour.
Low colloquial words are usually characteristic of the speech of persons who may be broadly described as uncultivated. This group is stocked with words of illiterate English which do not present much interest for our purposes.
The term colloquial is old enough. Dr.Johnson, the great English lexicographer used it. Colloquial English is very emotional. In all the groups of colloquialisms and in familiar colloquial especially, words easily acquire new meanings and new valency.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines slang as “language of a highly colloquial style, considered as below the level of standard educated speech and consisting either new words or of current words employed in some special sense”. Slang, informal, non-standard words and phrases, generally shorter lived than the expressions of ordinary colloquial speech, and typically formed by creative, often witty juxtapositions of words or images. Slang can be contrasted with jargon (technical language of occupational or other groups) and with argot or cant (secret vocabulary of underworld groups), but borderlines separating these categories from slang are greatly blurred, and some writers use the terms cant, argot and jargon in a general way to include all the foregoing meanings. Slang tends to originate in subcultures within a society. Occupational groups (F: loggers, police, medical professionals and computer specialists) are prominent originators of both jargon and slang; other groups creating slang include the armed forces, teenagers, racial minorities, ghetto residents, labor unions, citizens-band radiobroadcasters, sports groups, drug addicts, criminals and even religious denominations. In addition to occupational and professional groups, there are many other types of subcultures that supply slang. These include sexual deviants, narcotic addicts, ghetto groups, institutional populations, agricultural subsocieties, political organizations, the armed forces, Gypsies, and sports groups of many varieties. Some of the most fruitful sources of slang are the subcultures of professional criminals who have migrated to the New World since the 16th century. In some cases slang may provide a needed name for an object or actionor it may offer an emotional outlet or a satirical or patronizing reference. It may provide euphemisms and it may allow its user to create a shock effect by using a pungent slang expression in an unexpected context. Slang has provided myriad synonyms for parts of the body, for food, for drunkenness. Slang words are expressive, mostly ironical words serving to create fresh names for some things that are frequent topics of discourse. They sound somewhat vulgar, cynical and harsh. This is not surprising, for slang words and idioms are short-lived and very soon either disappear or lose their peculiar colouring and become either colloquial or stylistically neutral lexical units. Most slang words are metaphors. The circle of users of slang is more narrow than that of colloquialisms. It is mainly used by the young and uneducated. Slang’s colourful and humorous quality makes it catching, so a considerable part of slang may become accepted by nearly all the groups of speakers. Slang words are clearly motivated. The lexical meaning of a slang word contains not only the denotational component but also an emotive component (most often it expresses irony) and all the other possible types of connotation – it is expressive, evaluatory and stylistically coloured and is the marked member of a stylistic opposition. Some of these are the employment of metaphor, simile, folk etymology, distortion of sounds in words, generalization, specialization, clipping, the use of acronyms, elevation and degeneration, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, borrowings from foreign languages, and the play of euphemism against taboo.
According to sphere of usage slangs are subdivided into general and special slang.
General slang includes words that are not specific for any social or professional group. Special slang is peculiar for some such group: teenager slang, university slang, football slang.
H.W.Fowler defines a dialect as “a variety of a language which prevails in a district, with local peculiarities of vocabulary, pronunciation and phrase”. So dialects are regional forms of English. Dialects have no normalized literary form. The study of dialects has been made on the basis of information obtained with the help of special techniques: interviews, questionnaires, recording by phonograph and tape recorder. This collection show the territorial distribution of certain key words and pronunciations which vary from region to region. Dialects are chiefly preserved in rural communities, in the speech of elderly people. Dialects are said to undergo rapid changes under the pressure of standard English taught at schools and the speech habits cultivated by radio, television and cinema. Dialects are varieties of a language used as a means of oral communication in small localities, they are set off from other varieties by some distinctive features of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. F: variants of the English language, British and American, the differences between the English language as spoken in Britain, the USA, Australia and Canada, New Zealand. Dialect words can be differentiate by 1) lexical differences – using different words for the same objects or sometimes equivalents of the words, connected with semantic structure or variant of words or typical characteristics of the word in certain local place, specific to the British or American or Canadian variant of their meanings, lexical units showing the spheres of life, some words which have become common property of the English-speaking community. 2) derivational variants of words, having the same root and identical in lexical meaning though differing in derivational affixes.
British English, American E, Australian E are variants of the same language, because they serve all spheres of verbal communication. Their structural peculiarities, especially morphology, syntax and word-formation as well as their word-stock and phonetic system are essentially the same. The so-called local dialects in the British Isles and in the USA are used only by the rural population and only for the purposes of oral communication. In both variants local distinctions are more marked in pronunciation, less conspicuous in vocabulary and insignificant in grammar.
The existing cases of difference between the two variants are conveniently classified into:
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cases where there are no equivalents in BE: drive-in – a cinema where you can see the film without getting out of your car or a shop where motorists buy things staying in the car.
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Cases where different words are used for the same denotation. F: can, candy, mailbox, movies, truck in the USA, and tin, sweets, pillar-box, pictures, lorry in England.
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Cases where the semantic structure of a partially equivalent word is different. The word pavement means in the first place “covering of the street or the floor and the like made of asphalt, stones or some other material”. The derived meaning is in England “the footway at the side of the road”. The Americans use the noun sidewalk for this, while pavement with them means “the roadway”.
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Cases where otherwise equivalent words are different in distribution. The verb ride in standard English is mostly combined with nouns as a horse, a bicycle, more seldom they say to ride on a bus. In AE combinations like a ride on the train, to ride in a boat are quite usual.
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It sometimes happens that the same word is used in AE with some difference in emotional and stylistic colouring.
There may be a marked difference in frequency characteristics. F: time-table in AE rarely, yielded its place to schedule.