- •Digestive system
- •Part I.
- •I. Practise the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the words:
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary:
- •III. Practise the pronunciation and stress
- •IV. Form the new words using the following suffixes and translate them
- •V. Read and translate the following word combinations
- •VI. Remember the following prepositional phrases
- •VII. Read and translate the following word combinations from the text
- •VIII. Read and translate the text, part I
- •IX. Find in the text the sentence with the Passive Voice and translate it
- •X. Find English equivalents for the following words and word combinations
- •XI. In the text find sentences with the following words, reproduce them
- •XII. Answer the questions
- •XIII. Complete the sentences
- •XIV. In the text find sentences which deal with Food is converted into simpler substances.
- •XV. Speak on the following topics:
- •Digestive system part II
- •I. Practise the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the words
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary
- •III. Practise the pronunciation and stress
- •IV. Form the new words using the following suffixes and translate them
- •V. Group the following words from your active vocabulary in the table
- •VII. Read and translate the text part II
- •XII. Reproduce the whole sentence from the text
- •XIII. Complete the sentences
- •XIV. Choose the right preposition
- •XV. Answer the questions
- •XVI. Speak on the following topics
- •XVII. Complete the sentences
- •XVIII. Choose the correct variant
- •XIX. Translate into English
- •II Learn how to pronounce the words correctly
- •IX. Complete the sentences
- •I. Learn the following words
- •II. Learn the pronunciation of the words and guess their meaning
- •III. Form the New Words. Using the Following Suffixes and translate them
- •IV. Read and translate the following word combinations
- •V. Remember the following prepositional phrases
- •VI. Read and translate the following sentences from the text
- •Part II: The lungs
- •I. Practice the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the words
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary
- •III. Find the Russian equivalents of the words and word combinations
- •IV. Find the English equivalents of the words and word combinations
- •V. Find the synonyms of the words and word combinations
- •VI. Read and translate the 1st part of the text “The Respiratory System”
- •VII. Find the following word combinations in the text and translate them
- •VIII. Give the English equivalents for the following word combinations
- •IX. Use the necessary prepositions
- •X. Find the logical continuation of the sentences
- •XI. Answer the questions to the text
- •XII. Speak on the topics using the suggested words
- •XIII. Translate the sentences into English
- •Part II
- •I. Practice the pronunciation of the words and guess their meaning
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary
- •III. Translate the following words and word combinations
- •IV. Match the antonyms
- •V. Find English equivalents for the following words
- •VI. Read the 2nd part of the text “The Respiratory System”
- •VII. Find in the text these prepositional phrases and translate the whole sentence
- •VIII. Translate the following words and word combinations into English
- •IX. Fill in the missing parts of the sentences
- •X. Choose the right preposition
- •XI. Answer the questions
- •XII. Speak on the following topics using the given words
- •XIII. Translate the sentences into English
- •I. Learn the following words
- •II. Practice the pronunciation
- •I. Learn the following words
- •VI. Translate from Russian into English
- •VII. Complete the following sentences
- •VIII. Answer the questions:
- •The Nervous System, peripheral – Part III
- •I. Learn the following words
- •VI. Answer the questions
- •VII. Translate from Russian into English
- •II. Copy out and learn the following words
- •IV. Read and translate the following word combinations
- •V. Remember the following prepositional phrases
- •VII. Read and translate the text , part I language work
- •II. Copy out and learn the following words
- •Language work
- •III. What does “those” substitute in the sentence
- •V. Answer the questions
- •VIII. Speak on the following topics
- •VII. Read and translate the text , part III
- •Pretext step
- •I. Practice the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words
- •III. Fill in the table with the following words from the active vocabulary
- •IV. Form the new words using the following suffixes & translate them
- •V. Read & translate the following word combinations
- •VI. Match the following words to the definitions
- •VII. Match the synonyms
- •VIII. Match the antonyms
- •IX. Answer the questions
- •X. Open the brackets using the Active or Passive Voice
- •XI. Choose the right preposition
- •XII. Translate from Russian into English
- •XIII. Read and translate the text “Endocrine System” After text step
- •XIV. Answer the questions on the text
- •Do you agree that the endocrine system is a network of ductless glands of internal secretion?
- •XV. Complete the sentences
- •XVI. Translate into English
- •Immune system part I
- •I. Practice the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words
- •III. Translate into Russian
- •IV. Match the definitions
- •V. Match the synonyms
- •VI. Match the antonyms
- •VII. Read and translate the text
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Answer the questions
- •X. Fill in the prepositions
- •XI. Translate into English
- •Immune system
- •I. Practise the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words:
- •III. Translate into Russian
- •IV. Give the synonyms:
- •V. Give the antonyms
- •VI. Match the definitions:
- •VII. Read and translate the text
- •VIII. Answer the questions
- •IX. Complete the sentences:
- •X. Say it in one word
- •XI. Fill in the prepositions
- •I. Practise the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words
- •III. Translate the words
- •IV. Math the definitions
- •V. Match the antonyms
- •VI. Match the synonyms
- •VII. Translate into English
- •VIII. Read and translate the text
- •IX. Answer the questions
- •X. Complete the sentences
- •XI. Full in the prepositions
- •XII. Translate into English
IX. Complete the sentences
The liver is ___.
It lies ___.
It consists of ___.
The main lobes are ___.
Two smaller lobes lie ___.
Each lobe is composed of ___.
Each lobule consists of ___.
The liver weighs ___.
It has ___ texture.
It is covered by ___.
___ pass through the liver on the ___.
The liver performs ___.
It purifies ___.
The liver stores ___.
It manufactures ___.
It recycles ___.
The liver destroys ___.
Alcohol and drugs are ___.
Bile, salts and bilirubin ___.
Unwanted proteins are ___.
All these metabolic processes produce ___.
The diseases of the liver are ___.
X. Translate the sentences into English
Печень является одним из самых важных органов, так как выполняет много различных функций.
Клетки печени накапливают питательные вещества, разрушают ядовитые и ненужные вещества, а также очищают кровь от ядов и продуктов распада.
Заболевания печени очень серьёзны и иногда смертельны. К ним относятся цирроз печени, гепатиты А, В, С и другие.
Печень вырабатывает желчь, которая проходит в желчные протоки, а затем в желчный пузырь.
URINARY SYSTEM
The Urinary system comprises all the organs involved in the production and discharge of urine. The urinary system filters soluble waste products from the blood. It consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra.
The kidneys are about 11 centimeters long and about 6 centimeters wide. Each kidney weighs about 140 grams in the average adult. The kidneys lie in the upper part of the abdomen at the back. They filter out water and also unwanted substances in the blood. These substances are produced by the normal working of the body. They are excreted by the kidneys in the form of urine. The kidneys also keep the salt and water of the body in correct balance.
The ureters are tubes about 25cm long that drain urine from the core of the kidneys, the renal pelvis, to the bladder. The bladder lies in the lower abdomen at the front of the body. The urethra is the tube through which urine passes to the outside.
The renal pelvis is funnel-shaped; its widest part is in the center of the kidney. As the renal pelvis narrows, it projects from the kidney and becomes the top of the ureter. The widest part of the renal pelvis is surrounded by the renal medulla and then by the renal cortex. The renal cortex is covered by tough fibrous tissue that forms the protective outer layer of each kidney.
Blood is brought to the kidneys by the renal arteries and, after filtration, is returned to circulation through the renal veins. The functional units of each kidney are microscopic filters. The renal cortex contains about one million of these filters. Each filter consists of a cup-shaped capsule that encloses a knot of blood capillaries. Blood from the renal artery is pumped into the glomerulus by blood pressure. Water, sugar, salts, urea and other small molecules pass through the capillary walls into the Bowman’s capsule. Blood cells and large molecules, such as whole proteins and fats, remain in the blood.
Filtered fluids pass from the Bowman’s capsule into a coiled tube that leads through the renal medulla to the renal pelvis. Each nephron has a U-shaped loop halfway along its length. The whole tube is closely surrounded by blood capillaries. As the filtered fluid passes through the tube, substances that the body needs, especially water, essential salts and sugar are reabsorbed from the fluid into the blood capillaries.
Urine that results from the filtration and reabsorption processes collects in the renal pelvis before passing through the ureter to the bladder. A circular ring of muscles at the top of the urethra keeps urine in the bladder until voluntarily relaxed.
The most common disorders of the urinary system are urinary tract infections caused by bacteria. Urinary tract infections are more common in women than in men. Symptoms include frequency of urination, painful urination (dysuria), and in severe cases blood and pus in the urine (hematuria). Disorders of the urinary tract include cystitis, pyelonephritis, ureteritis and urethritis.