II. Learn the pronunciation of the words and guess their meaning

centimeter	[`sentıˏmi:tə]
artery	[`a:tərı]
microscopic	[ˌmaıkrəs`kɔpık]
capillary	[kə`pılərı]
molecule	[`mɔlıkju:l]
nephron	[`nefrən]
bacteria (pl) – bacterium	[bæk`tiəriə] - [bæk`tiəriəm]
urination	[ˏju:ri`neiʃn]

III. Form the New Words. Using the Following Suffixes and translate them

• ed (Verb – Participle II): surround; cover; filter; coil; concentrate;

• ous (Noun – Adjective): fiber; poison; vitamin;

• ive (Verb – Adjective): protect; connect; digest;

• tion (Verb – Noun): filtrate; reabsorb; examine; prescribe;

• ly (Adjective – Adverb): close; especial; voluntary; thorough; careful.

IV. Read and translate the following word combinations

1. to discharge: to discharge urine; discharge of water; to be discharged from the body.

2. to surround: to be surrounded by the renal medulla; surroundings; to surround the whole tube;

3. narrow: a narrow tube; narrow layer; narrow sense; a narrow mind; a narrow majority;

4. essential: essential products; essential for life; essential salts; essentials.

5. to drain: to drain urine from the core of the kidneys.

6. renal: renal veins; renal pelvis; renal deficiency; renal artery.

7. urine: to keep urine; urine passes; the remaining wastes known as urine.

V. Remember the following prepositional phrases

to consist of	состоять из
in the upper part of	в верхней части
to drain from ... to	стекать из ... в
as the renal pelvis narrows	по мере сужения, почечная лоханка
to project from	выступать из
to be brought to ... by	переноситься в ... посредством
to pass through	проходить через
to filter from	отфильтровывать из
to be pumped into	откачиваться в

VI. Read and translate the following sentences from the text

1. As the renal pelvis narrows it projects from the kidney and becomes the top of the ureter.

2. The blood vessels join the kidneys close to each renal pelvis.

3. Each filter consists of a cup-shaped capsule that encloses a knot of blood capillaries.

4. The concentrated fluid that results from the filtration and reabsorption processes collects in the renal pelvis.

VII. Find English equivalents for the following words and word combinations

Самая широкая часть почечной лоханки; воронкообразный; концентрированная жидкость; мочевина; почечное мозговое вещество; корковый слой; циркулярное мышечное кольцо; мочеиспускательный канал; прочная фиброзная ткань; защитный наружный слой; после фильтрации; микроскопические фильтры; клубочек кровеносных капилляров; отфильтрованная жидкость; мочеточник; белки и жиры; чашеобразная капсула; растворимые продукты распада; вещества, необходимые организму; производство и выделение мочи; мочевой пузырь.

VIII. Complete the sentences

1. The urinary system or urinary tract comprises all the organs involved in the ___ and ___ urine.

2. The urinary system filters ___ waste products from the ___.

3. The kidneys lie in the ___ of the abdomen at the ___.

4. The ureters are tubes that ___ from the core of the ___, the ___, to the ___.

5. The urethra is the tube through which ___.

6. The widest part of the renal pelvis is surrounded by the ___, and then by___ .

7. Blood is brought to the kidneys by the ___ and after filtration is returned to circulation through the ___.

8. The functional units of each kidney are ___.

9. Blood from the renal ___ is pumped into the glomerulus by ___.

10. Water, ___, ___, ___ and other ___small molecules pass through ___ into ___.

11. Filtered fluids pass from ___ into a coiled tube, that leads through the renal medulla to ___.

12. As the filtered fluid passes through the tube, substances that the body needs, especially ___, ___ and ___ are reabsorbed from the fluid into ___.

13. The concentrated fluid, ___, that results from ___ and ___ processes collects ___ before passing through the ___ to the ___.

14. A circular ring of ___ at the top of the ___ keeps urine n the bladder___ until ____ relaxed.

IX. Answer the following questions

1. What is the function of the urinary system?

2. What organs does the urinary system consist of?

3. What is the size of each kidney?

4. Where do the kidneys lie?

5. By what organs does urine drain from the renal pelvis to the bladder?

6. Where does the bladder lie?

7. What is the function of the urethra?

8. Where is the widest part of the renal pelvis?

9. What is the widest part of the renal pelvis surrounded by?

10. What forms the protective outer layer of each kidney?

11. What are the functional units of each kidney?

12. What does each nephrone consist of?

13. How is blood pumped from the renal artery into the glomerulus?

14. What passes through the capillary walls into the capsule?

15. What remains in the blood?

16. Where do filtered fluids pass from the Bowman’s capsule?

17. What is the whole tube surrounded by?

18. What is reabsorbed from the fluid in the tube into the blood capillaries?

19. Where does urine collect?

20. What keeps urine in the bladder until voluntaryly relaxed?

21. Name the diseases of the urinary system.

X. Find in the text the sentences with Passive Voice and translate them

XI. Match the parts of the sentences

The urethra	is covered by tough fibrous tissue.
The renal pelvis	is a waste product of the breakdown of proteins.
Blood from the renal artery	pass from the Bowman’s capsule into a coiled tube.
The renal cortex	is the tube through which urine is passed outside.
Filtered fluids	join the kidneys close to each renal pelvis.
Each nephron	is funnel-shaped.
Urea	is pumped into the glomerulus by blood pressure.
The blood vessels	has a U-shaped loop halfway along its length.

XI. Translate into English

1. Мочевая система содержит все органы, участвующие в продукции и выведении мочи.

2. Мочевой пузырь расположен в нижней передней части живота.

3. Корковое вещество покрыто прочной фиброзной тканью, которая формирует защитный наружный слой каждой почки.

4. Кровь переносится в почки через почечные артерии.

5. Каждый фильтр состоит из капсулы, включающей клубочек кровеносных капилляров.

6. Вода, сахар, соли, мочевина проходят через стенки капилляров в капсулу Боумена.

7. Клетки крови и большие молекулы, такие как белки и жиры, остаются в крови.

8. Вещества, которые нужны организму, реабсорбируются из жидкости в окружающие кровеносные капилляры.

9. Концентрированная жидкость (моча), которая получается в результате процессов фильтрации и реабсорбции собирается в почечной лоханке перед поступлением через мочеточник в мочевой пузырь.

10. Циркулярное кольцо мышц мочеиспускательного канала удерживает мочу в мочевом пузыре до произвольного расслабления мочевого пузыря.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Part I: Breathing

Respiratory system is the network of organs and passages by which air is taken into the lungs and carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged within the body.

Air enters the respiratory system through the mouth and nose, where it is warmed and moistened. Air breathed in through the nose is filtered by the coarse hairs that line the nostrils, which trap large dust particles. Smaller particles are trapped in a sticky fluid (mucus) produced by the cells lining the passage between nose and mouth. This mucus is continuously moved away by the beating of minute hair-like projections (cilia).

From the mouth, air travels through the throat (pharynx), voicebox (larynx), and windpipe (trachea). At the entry to the windpipe is a flap, the epiglottis, which closes to prevent choking when food is swallowed. At its base, the windpipe divides into two tubes or bronchi, and one bronchus enters each lung. Both windpipe and bronchi are stiffened by rings of cartilage. As in the nose, the windpipe and bronchi produce dust-trapping mucus and have cilia to move this mucus up to the mouth.

Within each lung, the bronchi split successively into smaller bronchi and then into many thousands of even narrower tubes called bronchioles. The bronchioles branch through the lungs and lead into millions of air sacs (alveoli) of the lung tissue. It is in the air sacs that gases are exchanged. Each air sac is meshed with small blood vessels (capillaries) carrying blood containing carbon dioxide and water from the heart. Oxygen breathed in from the air passes into the blood and, in return, carbon dioxide and water vapor are released into the air sacs of the lungs to be breathed out. The blood in the capillaries, now rich in oxygen, flows into the pulmonary vein and back to the heart for redistribution.