- •Digestive system
- •Part I.
- •I. Practise the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the words:
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary:
- •III. Practise the pronunciation and stress
- •IV. Form the new words using the following suffixes and translate them
- •V. Read and translate the following word combinations
- •VI. Remember the following prepositional phrases
- •VII. Read and translate the following word combinations from the text
- •VIII. Read and translate the text, part I
- •IX. Find in the text the sentence with the Passive Voice and translate it
- •X. Find English equivalents for the following words and word combinations
- •XI. In the text find sentences with the following words, reproduce them
- •XII. Answer the questions
- •XIII. Complete the sentences
- •XIV. In the text find sentences which deal with Food is converted into simpler substances.
- •XV. Speak on the following topics:
- •Digestive system part II
- •I. Practise the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the words
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary
- •III. Practise the pronunciation and stress
- •IV. Form the new words using the following suffixes and translate them
- •V. Group the following words from your active vocabulary in the table
- •VII. Read and translate the text part II
- •XII. Reproduce the whole sentence from the text
- •XIII. Complete the sentences
- •XIV. Choose the right preposition
- •XV. Answer the questions
- •XVI. Speak on the following topics
- •XVII. Complete the sentences
- •XVIII. Choose the correct variant
- •XIX. Translate into English
- •II Learn how to pronounce the words correctly
- •IX. Complete the sentences
- •I. Learn the following words
- •II. Learn the pronunciation of the words and guess their meaning
- •III. Form the New Words. Using the Following Suffixes and translate them
- •IV. Read and translate the following word combinations
- •V. Remember the following prepositional phrases
- •VI. Read and translate the following sentences from the text
- •Part II: The lungs
- •I. Practice the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the words
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary
- •III. Find the Russian equivalents of the words and word combinations
- •IV. Find the English equivalents of the words and word combinations
- •V. Find the synonyms of the words and word combinations
- •VI. Read and translate the 1st part of the text “The Respiratory System”
- •VII. Find the following word combinations in the text and translate them
- •VIII. Give the English equivalents for the following word combinations
- •IX. Use the necessary prepositions
- •X. Find the logical continuation of the sentences
- •XI. Answer the questions to the text
- •XII. Speak on the topics using the suggested words
- •XIII. Translate the sentences into English
- •Part II
- •I. Practice the pronunciation of the words and guess their meaning
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary
- •III. Translate the following words and word combinations
- •IV. Match the antonyms
- •V. Find English equivalents for the following words
- •VI. Read the 2nd part of the text “The Respiratory System”
- •VII. Find in the text these prepositional phrases and translate the whole sentence
- •VIII. Translate the following words and word combinations into English
- •IX. Fill in the missing parts of the sentences
- •X. Choose the right preposition
- •XI. Answer the questions
- •XII. Speak on the following topics using the given words
- •XIII. Translate the sentences into English
- •I. Learn the following words
- •II. Practice the pronunciation
- •I. Learn the following words
- •VI. Translate from Russian into English
- •VII. Complete the following sentences
- •VIII. Answer the questions:
- •The Nervous System, peripheral – Part III
- •I. Learn the following words
- •VI. Answer the questions
- •VII. Translate from Russian into English
- •II. Copy out and learn the following words
- •IV. Read and translate the following word combinations
- •V. Remember the following prepositional phrases
- •VII. Read and translate the text , part I language work
- •II. Copy out and learn the following words
- •Language work
- •III. What does “those” substitute in the sentence
- •V. Answer the questions
- •VIII. Speak on the following topics
- •VII. Read and translate the text , part III
- •Pretext step
- •I. Practice the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words
- •III. Fill in the table with the following words from the active vocabulary
- •IV. Form the new words using the following suffixes & translate them
- •V. Read & translate the following word combinations
- •VI. Match the following words to the definitions
- •VII. Match the synonyms
- •VIII. Match the antonyms
- •IX. Answer the questions
- •X. Open the brackets using the Active or Passive Voice
- •XI. Choose the right preposition
- •XII. Translate from Russian into English
- •XIII. Read and translate the text “Endocrine System” After text step
- •XIV. Answer the questions on the text
- •Do you agree that the endocrine system is a network of ductless glands of internal secretion?
- •XV. Complete the sentences
- •XVI. Translate into English
- •Immune system part I
- •I. Practice the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words
- •III. Translate into Russian
- •IV. Match the definitions
- •V. Match the synonyms
- •VI. Match the antonyms
- •VII. Read and translate the text
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Answer the questions
- •X. Fill in the prepositions
- •XI. Translate into English
- •Immune system
- •I. Practise the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words:
- •III. Translate into Russian
- •IV. Give the synonyms:
- •V. Give the antonyms
- •VI. Match the definitions:
- •VII. Read and translate the text
- •VIII. Answer the questions
- •IX. Complete the sentences:
- •X. Say it in one word
- •XI. Fill in the prepositions
- •I. Practise the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words
- •III. Translate the words
- •IV. Math the definitions
- •V. Match the antonyms
- •VI. Match the synonyms
- •VII. Translate into English
- •VIII. Read and translate the text
- •IX. Answer the questions
- •X. Complete the sentences
- •XI. Full in the prepositions
- •XII. Translate into English
XVI. Translate into English
Эндокринная система – это сеть желез внутренней секреции.
Эндокринные железы продуцируют и запасают различные гормоны, которые выделяются непосредственно в кровь.
Передняя доля гипофиза продуцирует группу стимулирующих гормонов, которые поступают в другие эндокринные железы и вызывают продукцию гормонов.
Пролактин поддерживает продукцию молока в молочных железах.
Вазопрессин поступает в почки и контролирует водный баланс организма.
Окситоцин регулирует сокращение матки во время родов и поддерживает течение молока из молочных желез после рождения ребенка.
Мелатонин регулирует половое развитие и менструацию.
Мозговое вещество надпочечников продуцирует адреналин (эпинефрин) и норадреналин (норэпинефрин), которые помогают готовиться к «борьбе или отступлению» при опасности.
Гормоны коркового вещества надпочечников включают стероиды, участвующие в метаболизме сахаров и белков, и поддерживают водный баланс организма.
Щитовидная железа секретирует гормоны, которые контролируют норму (rate) использования питательных веществ.
Паращитовидные железы продуцируют гормоны, регулирующие количество кальция и фосфора в крови, необходимые для строительства костей.
Количество глюкозы в крови контролируется клетками поджелудочной железы. Ее эндокринные клетки секретируют глюкагон, который повышает уровень глюкозы в крови, и инсулин, который уменьшает его.
Половые железы продуцируют гормоны, контролирующие продукцию зрелых половых клеток и помогают определять половое развитие человека.
Immune system part I
Immunology studies the ways in which the body defends itself from infectious agents and other foreign substances in the environment. This field encompasses many layers of defense. The first one is provided by mechanical barrier (the skin) which covers body surfaces and physically prevents microorganisms and other potentially injurious agents from entering the tissues beneath. Secondly, it includes protective chemical substances in the blood and tissue fluids. Thirdly, it includes the physiologic reactions of tissues to injury or infection.
The immune system has three major functional properties. The first is its spesificity. It means the ability to recognize and distinguish among a vast number of different molecules and to respond (or not to respond) to them. Secondly, the immune system discriminates between self and nonself. Normally it coexists peacefully with all the innumerable proteins but responds vigorously against foreign substances. Third, the immune system has memory. It means that subsequent encounters with a particular foreign pathogen provoke more rapid responses than at the initial encounters. This system provides immunity from a disease.
Immunity is the body’s ability to protect itself from disease. Immunity may be natural or acquired. Natural immunity is genetically determined. It is influenced by such factors as temperature, metabolism and diet. Acquied immunity is active or passive. Passive immunity is only temporary, helping the body to fight a contracted disease. Such immunity is usually provided by injecting gamma globulin containing antibodies from an immunized person or animal.
In active immunity the body’s own natural immunity system is stimulated to prevent contracting of a particular disease. This immunity is long-lasting and may even be permanent. Active immunity results from previously suffered disease or from vaccination against this disease.