VII. Read and translate the text , part III

VIII. Organize parts of the sentences logically

The flow of blood in the heart	is achieved by the contraction of the cardiac muscle.
The pumping action of the heart	is regulated by bursts of electrical impulses.
The rhythm of the heart beat	is controlled by a series of valves.
The electrical impulses	are sent out by the pacemaker.

IX. Choose the right preposition where necessary

(On; in) each side (of; from) the wall.

Blood moves (on; in; through) each side (of; in) the heart systematically.

Deoxygenated blood is delivered (in; into) the right atrium. Then it enters (in; into) the right ventricle (where; from where) it is pumped out (into; in) the pulmonary artery and (to; into) the lungs.

Oxygenated blood returning (in; into) the pulmonary veins flows (in; into) the left atrium.

This blood enters (in; into) the left ventricle and is pumped (in; into) the aorta (by; for) circulation.

The flow of blood (on; in) each side (of; in) the heart is controlled (with; by) a series (of; from) valves.

The heart ___ an adult ___ rest beats ___ a rate ___ 60 ___ 80 beats ___ a minute.

The correct sequence ___ activities ___ each activities.

X. Reproduce the whole sentence from the text

1. ____ is divided by ____

2. ____ is controlled by ____

3. ____ is achieved by ____

4. ____ is accompanied by ____

XI. Open the brackets using Active or Passive Voice

1. The structure and the action of the heart (to design) to serve ....

2. Blood (to move) through each side .....

3. Oxygenated blood (to enter) the left ventricle and then (to pump out) into the aorta.

4. The contraction of the ventricles (to push) blood into the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

5. Electrical activity of the heart can (to monitor) as an electrocardiogram.

XII. Define the types of Subordinate clauses

It then enters the right ventricle, from where ......

The period of contraction, during which .....

The pumping action of the heart is achieved by ..., of which ....

XIII. Answer the questions

1. What is the structure of the heart?

2. How does the heart act?

3. What is the flow of blood controlled by?

4. How is the pumping action of the heart achieved?

5. What is the rhythm of the heartbeat regulated by?

6. What is the correct sequence of activities during each heartbeat ensured by?

7. What is systole?

8. What is diastole?

XIV. Complete the sentences

The heart is a ___ organ about the size of ___.

The ___ and ___ of the heart are designed to serve ___.

Inside, the heart is divided vertically by a ___.

On each side of this wall is ___, and ___.

Blood moves through each side of the heart ___.

Deoxygenated blood is delivered into ___. Then it enters ___, from which it is pumped out into ___ and to ___.

Oxygenated blood returning in ___ flows into ___, enters ___ and is then pumped into ___ for circulation.

The flow of blood in each side of the heart is controlled by ___.

The pumping action of the heart is achieved by ___.

The rhythm of the heartbeat is regulated by ___ sent out by ___.

Under the influence of the ___, the heart beats at a rate of ___.

The pacemaker helps to ensure ___ during ___; first the two ___ contract, followed rapidly by ___.

The powerful contraction of ___ pushes blood into ___ and ___.

The period of ___ is followed by ___, during which the heart ___.

The complete sequence is accompanied by ___ of the muscle, which can be monitored as ___.

XV. Translate into English

Сердце – мышечный орган размером со сжатый кулак.

Внутри сердце делится вертикально мышечной стенкой, и каждая сторона сердца имеет одно предсердие и один желудочек, разделённый клапанами.

Насосная функция сердца достигается благодаря сокращению сердечной мышцы.

Ритм сердцебиения регулируется вспышками электрических импульсов, возникающих в специфической сердечной ткани, называемой пейсмейкером.

Под влиянием пейсмейкера сердце взрослого в покое совершается от 60 до 80 ударов в минуту.

Период сокращения (систола) следует за периодом расслабления (диастола), в течение которого сердце заново наполняется.

XVI. Speak on the following topics

The structure of the heart: a muscular organ; to be divided; atrium; ventricle; blood moves.

The action of the heart: deoxygenated blood is delivered ... then enters ... pumped out ... and to ...; oxygenated blood from ... flows ... enters ... is pumped into ...; a series of valves; the pumping action of the heart.

The pacemaker: the rhythm of the heartbeat; the correct sequence of activities; first; then; systole; diastole; electrical activity.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The endocrine system is a network of ductless glands of internal secretion. The endocrine glands produce and/or store various hormones, which are secreted directly into the bloodstream and influence body activities. There are seven glands that make up the endocrine system: thyroid, parathyroids, ovaries and testes, adrenals, pineal, pituitary, and pancreas islet cells.

The chief endocrine gland is the pituitary, governed by the hypothalamus and situated beneath the brain and divided into two lobes. The front (anterior) lobe produces a group of stimulating (tropic) hormones that are carried to the thyroid, adrenals and sex glands to trigger hormone production. Other anterior pituitary hormones include prolactin, which maintains milk production from the breasts, and growth hormone. The back (posterior) lobe of the pituitary stores two hormones: vasopressin, which is carried to the kidneys to help control body water content; and oxytocin, which assists the contraction of the uterus during labor and encourages the flow of milk from the breasts after the birth of a baby.

The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which may help regulate sexual development and menstruation.

Each of the adrenal glands, situated over the kidneys, is divided into an outer (cortex) and inner (medulla) region. The medulla makes the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline, which help to prepare the body for “fight or flight” in response to danger. The hormones of the cortex include steroids involved in the metabolizing of sugars and proteins and in balancing body water content.

The thyroid gland lies below the voicebox and secretes hormones that control the rate at which cells use nutrients, and the body burns and stores sugars. Attached to the back of the thyroid are the four parathyroid glands whose hormones regulate the amounts of calcium and phosphate in the blood.

The amount of glucose in the blood is governed by cells in the pancreas, situated beside the duodenum. The endocrine cells of the gland make two hormones: glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels, and insulin, which decreases them. The gland also secretes digestive enzymes.

The sex glands – ovaries in a female and testes in a male – produce hormones that control the production of mature sex cells and help to determine a person’s total sexual development.

The most serious diseases affecting the endocrine glands are thyroiditis (an inflammation of the thyroid gland) and diabetes (a disorder in which the body can not make use of sugars and starches in a normal way). The science which studies the endocrine glands and the treatment of their diseases is called endocrinology.