- •Digestive system
- •Part I.
- •I. Practise the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the words:
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary:
- •III. Practise the pronunciation and stress
- •IV. Form the new words using the following suffixes and translate them
- •V. Read and translate the following word combinations
- •VI. Remember the following prepositional phrases
- •VII. Read and translate the following word combinations from the text
- •VIII. Read and translate the text, part I
- •IX. Find in the text the sentence with the Passive Voice and translate it
- •X. Find English equivalents for the following words and word combinations
- •XI. In the text find sentences with the following words, reproduce them
- •XII. Answer the questions
- •XIII. Complete the sentences
- •XIV. In the text find sentences which deal with Food is converted into simpler substances.
- •XV. Speak on the following topics:
- •Digestive system part II
- •I. Practise the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the words
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary
- •III. Practise the pronunciation and stress
- •IV. Form the new words using the following suffixes and translate them
- •V. Group the following words from your active vocabulary in the table
- •VII. Read and translate the text part II
- •XII. Reproduce the whole sentence from the text
- •XIII. Complete the sentences
- •XIV. Choose the right preposition
- •XV. Answer the questions
- •XVI. Speak on the following topics
- •XVII. Complete the sentences
- •XVIII. Choose the correct variant
- •XIX. Translate into English
- •II Learn how to pronounce the words correctly
- •IX. Complete the sentences
- •I. Learn the following words
- •II. Learn the pronunciation of the words and guess their meaning
- •III. Form the New Words. Using the Following Suffixes and translate them
- •IV. Read and translate the following word combinations
- •V. Remember the following prepositional phrases
- •VI. Read and translate the following sentences from the text
- •Part II: The lungs
- •I. Practice the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the words
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary
- •III. Find the Russian equivalents of the words and word combinations
- •IV. Find the English equivalents of the words and word combinations
- •V. Find the synonyms of the words and word combinations
- •VI. Read and translate the 1st part of the text “The Respiratory System”
- •VII. Find the following word combinations in the text and translate them
- •VIII. Give the English equivalents for the following word combinations
- •IX. Use the necessary prepositions
- •X. Find the logical continuation of the sentences
- •XI. Answer the questions to the text
- •XII. Speak on the topics using the suggested words
- •XIII. Translate the sentences into English
- •Part II
- •I. Practice the pronunciation of the words and guess their meaning
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary
- •III. Translate the following words and word combinations
- •IV. Match the antonyms
- •V. Find English equivalents for the following words
- •VI. Read the 2nd part of the text “The Respiratory System”
- •VII. Find in the text these prepositional phrases and translate the whole sentence
- •VIII. Translate the following words and word combinations into English
- •IX. Fill in the missing parts of the sentences
- •X. Choose the right preposition
- •XI. Answer the questions
- •XII. Speak on the following topics using the given words
- •XIII. Translate the sentences into English
- •I. Learn the following words
- •II. Practice the pronunciation
- •I. Learn the following words
- •VI. Translate from Russian into English
- •VII. Complete the following sentences
- •VIII. Answer the questions:
- •The Nervous System, peripheral – Part III
- •I. Learn the following words
- •VI. Answer the questions
- •VII. Translate from Russian into English
- •II. Copy out and learn the following words
- •IV. Read and translate the following word combinations
- •V. Remember the following prepositional phrases
- •VII. Read and translate the text , part I language work
- •II. Copy out and learn the following words
- •Language work
- •III. What does “those” substitute in the sentence
- •V. Answer the questions
- •VIII. Speak on the following topics
- •VII. Read and translate the text , part III
- •Pretext step
- •I. Practice the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words
- •III. Fill in the table with the following words from the active vocabulary
- •IV. Form the new words using the following suffixes & translate them
- •V. Read & translate the following word combinations
- •VI. Match the following words to the definitions
- •VII. Match the synonyms
- •VIII. Match the antonyms
- •IX. Answer the questions
- •X. Open the brackets using the Active or Passive Voice
- •XI. Choose the right preposition
- •XII. Translate from Russian into English
- •XIII. Read and translate the text “Endocrine System” After text step
- •XIV. Answer the questions on the text
- •Do you agree that the endocrine system is a network of ductless glands of internal secretion?
- •XV. Complete the sentences
- •XVI. Translate into English
- •Immune system part I
- •I. Practice the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words
- •III. Translate into Russian
- •IV. Match the definitions
- •V. Match the synonyms
- •VI. Match the antonyms
- •VII. Read and translate the text
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Answer the questions
- •X. Fill in the prepositions
- •XI. Translate into English
- •Immune system
- •I. Practise the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words:
- •III. Translate into Russian
- •IV. Give the synonyms:
- •V. Give the antonyms
- •VI. Match the definitions:
- •VII. Read and translate the text
- •VIII. Answer the questions
- •IX. Complete the sentences:
- •X. Say it in one word
- •XI. Fill in the prepositions
- •I. Practise the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words
- •III. Translate the words
- •IV. Math the definitions
- •V. Match the antonyms
- •VI. Match the synonyms
- •VII. Translate into English
- •VIII. Read and translate the text
- •IX. Answer the questions
- •X. Complete the sentences
- •XI. Full in the prepositions
- •XII. Translate into English
Immune system
PART II
Any substance inducing an immune response is called an immunogen. Any substance stimulating production of antibodies which attempt to counteract that foreign substance is called antigen. Bacteria, viruses, and pollen may act as antigens. Thus, immunogens are also antigens.
Antibody is a substance produced in response to an infection. It combines with antigen and neutralizes it.
A complement and phagocytes take a special part in the immune system. Complement is a system of protein of blood serum, lymph, and tissue fluid. One of the complement constituent parts joins antibodies molecules and ensures the destruction of the cells containing antigens against which this antibodies have been produces.
Phagocytes are a type if white blood cells in body fluids and tissues. Destruction of harmful material, such as disease-causing bacteria or cell debris, by phagocytes is called phagocytosis.
White Blood Cells (leukocytes) help to protect the body against disease and infection. They are the main components of the body’s immune system. There are several kinds of WBCs including neutrophils, produced in the bone marrow; and monocytes, produced mostly in the spleen and the bone marrow.
When the body is injured or infected WBCs pass through the walls of the capillary blood vessels and congregate at the site of injury or infection.
Neutrophils and monocytes engulf and eat up invading bacteria and smalls particles breaking them up. Pus consists of an accumulation of dead neutrophils, monocytes, bacteria and tissue.
Lymphocytes are divided into several types: B-cells producing antibodies that attack specific viruses or bacteria; helper and killer T-cells which produce other substances to fight off foreign organisms and even kill infected cells; suppressor T-cells which slow down or stop the activities of B- and other T-cells after the elimination of the infection; and memory cells which remember the invading organism for a long time.
Immune response is usually carried out by body’s Lymphatic System.
I. Practise the pronunciation
capable |
[´keıpəbl] |
indjucing |
[ın´dju:sıŋ] |
immunogen |
[ı´mju:nə,dɜı:n] |
counteract |
[kəuntə´rækt ] |
antigen |
[´æntı ̖dɜı:n ] |
virus |
[ ´vaırəs] |
pollen |
[´pɔlın] |
neutralize |
[´nju:trəlaız] |
complement |
[´kɔmplımǝnt ] |
phagocyte |
[´fæɡǝsaıt] |
constituent |
[kǝn´stıtjuǝnt ] |
ensure |
[ın´ʃuə ] |
phagocytosis |
[¸fæɡɔsaı´tousıs ] |
leukocyte |
[´lju:kəsaıt] |
neutrophil |
[´nju:trǝfıl ] |
lymphocyte |
[´lımfǝsaıt ] |
monocyte |
[´mɔnɔsaıt ] |
congregate |
[´kɔŋɡrıɡeıt ] |
engulf |
[ın´ɡʌlf ] |
accumulation |
[ǝ¸kju:mju´leıʃn ] |
suppressor |
[səp´resə ] |
eliminate |
[ ı´lımıneıt] |
initiating |
[ı´nıʃıeıtıŋ ] |