- •Digestive system
- •Part I.
- •I. Practise the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the words:
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary:
- •III. Practise the pronunciation and stress
- •IV. Form the new words using the following suffixes and translate them
- •V. Read and translate the following word combinations
- •VI. Remember the following prepositional phrases
- •VII. Read and translate the following word combinations from the text
- •VIII. Read and translate the text, part I
- •IX. Find in the text the sentence with the Passive Voice and translate it
- •X. Find English equivalents for the following words and word combinations
- •XI. In the text find sentences with the following words, reproduce them
- •XII. Answer the questions
- •XIII. Complete the sentences
- •XIV. In the text find sentences which deal with Food is converted into simpler substances.
- •XV. Speak on the following topics:
- •Digestive system part II
- •I. Practise the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the words
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary
- •III. Practise the pronunciation and stress
- •IV. Form the new words using the following suffixes and translate them
- •V. Group the following words from your active vocabulary in the table
- •VII. Read and translate the text part II
- •XII. Reproduce the whole sentence from the text
- •XIII. Complete the sentences
- •XIV. Choose the right preposition
- •XV. Answer the questions
- •XVI. Speak on the following topics
- •XVII. Complete the sentences
- •XVIII. Choose the correct variant
- •XIX. Translate into English
- •II Learn how to pronounce the words correctly
- •IX. Complete the sentences
- •I. Learn the following words
- •II. Learn the pronunciation of the words and guess their meaning
- •III. Form the New Words. Using the Following Suffixes and translate them
- •IV. Read and translate the following word combinations
- •V. Remember the following prepositional phrases
- •VI. Read and translate the following sentences from the text
- •Part II: The lungs
- •I. Practice the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the words
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary
- •III. Find the Russian equivalents of the words and word combinations
- •IV. Find the English equivalents of the words and word combinations
- •V. Find the synonyms of the words and word combinations
- •VI. Read and translate the 1st part of the text “The Respiratory System”
- •VII. Find the following word combinations in the text and translate them
- •VIII. Give the English equivalents for the following word combinations
- •IX. Use the necessary prepositions
- •X. Find the logical continuation of the sentences
- •XI. Answer the questions to the text
- •XII. Speak on the topics using the suggested words
- •XIII. Translate the sentences into English
- •Part II
- •I. Practice the pronunciation of the words and guess their meaning
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary
- •III. Translate the following words and word combinations
- •IV. Match the antonyms
- •V. Find English equivalents for the following words
- •VI. Read the 2nd part of the text “The Respiratory System”
- •VII. Find in the text these prepositional phrases and translate the whole sentence
- •VIII. Translate the following words and word combinations into English
- •IX. Fill in the missing parts of the sentences
- •X. Choose the right preposition
- •XI. Answer the questions
- •XII. Speak on the following topics using the given words
- •XIII. Translate the sentences into English
- •I. Learn the following words
- •II. Practice the pronunciation
- •I. Learn the following words
- •VI. Translate from Russian into English
- •VII. Complete the following sentences
- •VIII. Answer the questions:
- •The Nervous System, peripheral – Part III
- •I. Learn the following words
- •VI. Answer the questions
- •VII. Translate from Russian into English
- •II. Copy out and learn the following words
- •IV. Read and translate the following word combinations
- •V. Remember the following prepositional phrases
- •VII. Read and translate the text , part I language work
- •II. Copy out and learn the following words
- •Language work
- •III. What does “those” substitute in the sentence
- •V. Answer the questions
- •VIII. Speak on the following topics
- •VII. Read and translate the text , part III
- •Pretext step
- •I. Practice the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words
- •III. Fill in the table with the following words from the active vocabulary
- •IV. Form the new words using the following suffixes & translate them
- •V. Read & translate the following word combinations
- •VI. Match the following words to the definitions
- •VII. Match the synonyms
- •VIII. Match the antonyms
- •IX. Answer the questions
- •X. Open the brackets using the Active or Passive Voice
- •XI. Choose the right preposition
- •XII. Translate from Russian into English
- •XIII. Read and translate the text “Endocrine System” After text step
- •XIV. Answer the questions on the text
- •Do you agree that the endocrine system is a network of ductless glands of internal secretion?
- •XV. Complete the sentences
- •XVI. Translate into English
- •Immune system part I
- •I. Practice the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words
- •III. Translate into Russian
- •IV. Match the definitions
- •V. Match the synonyms
- •VI. Match the antonyms
- •VII. Read and translate the text
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Answer the questions
- •X. Fill in the prepositions
- •XI. Translate into English
- •Immune system
- •I. Practise the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words:
- •III. Translate into Russian
- •IV. Give the synonyms:
- •V. Give the antonyms
- •VI. Match the definitions:
- •VII. Read and translate the text
- •VIII. Answer the questions
- •IX. Complete the sentences:
- •X. Say it in one word
- •XI. Fill in the prepositions
- •I. Practise the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words
- •III. Translate the words
- •IV. Math the definitions
- •V. Match the antonyms
- •VI. Match the synonyms
- •VII. Translate into English
- •VIII. Read and translate the text
- •IX. Answer the questions
- •X. Complete the sentences
- •XI. Full in the prepositions
- •XII. Translate into English
XVII. Complete the sentences
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Digestive system is ... of ... that process and convert ... into ... the body ... .
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The simpler substances can pass through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream because ... .
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... in the mouth lubricate and moisten ... with ... which also contains a ... .
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A muscular tube about 25 cm long that leads to the stomach is called ... .
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The stomach of an average adult can hold about ... .
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After ... hours the partly digested food passes from the stomach to ... .
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A narrow muscular tube about 6m long is ... .
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Tiny finger- like projections ... on the walls of the ... increase the ... that can absorb the food.
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Water is removed from the liquid waste and bacteria convert it to its final form in ... .
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There are sphincters at ... of the ..., at ... from the stomach, at the lower end of the ..., at ... from the rectum.
XVIII. Choose the correct variant
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Digest (-ion, -ive,-ed) system is a series of organ(s) that process(es) and convert(s) food into simple(r) substance(s) that the body use(s) for nourishment. Starch and complex sugar(s) (is, are) digest(-ive, -ed) to simple sugar(s); fat(s) to fatty acid(s) and glycerine; and protein(s) to amino acid(s).These simple(r) substance(s) consist(s) of small molecule(s) that can then pass(es) through the intestine(al) wall and into the bloodstream for distribution to all part(s) of the body.
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The part(ly) digest (-ive, -ed) food (chyme) pass(es) from the stomach to the small intestine.
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Bile, made by the liver and stor(-es, -ed) in the gall bladder, enter(s) the small intestine. Bile help(s) in the digest (-ive, -ed, -ion) of fats.
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The digest (-ive,-ed,-ion) food particles are absorbed by lymph or blood vessels in the intestin (-s, -al) wall.
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In the large intestine water (is) remov(ed)(s) from the liquid waste, and bacteria convert(s) it to it(s) final form feces. The waste(s) material is (are) excret (-ed,-tion,-ing) from the body through rectum.
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If bile stagnate(s) in the gall bladder because of a block (-ed) bile duct, gallstones can form(ed) and must be remove(d) surgical(ly).
XIX. Translate into English
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Пищеварительная система – это набор органов, которые обрабатывают пищу и превращают ее в более простые вещества, которые тело использует для питания.
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Эти простые вещества состоят из маленьких молекул, которые могут проходить через кишечную стенку в кровяное русло для распространения во все части тела.
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Железы во рту увлажняют пищу с помощью слюны, которая также содержит пищеварительные ферменты.
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Желудок запасает и помогает переваривать пищу.
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Желудочный сок содержит соляную кислоту и пищеварительные ферменты, например, пепсин расщепляет белок.
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Кишечный сок содержит ферменты поджелудочной железы и двенадцатиперстной кишки.
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Желчь, продуцируемая печенью и хранящаяся в желчном пузыре, также поступает в тонкий кишечник.
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Переваренные пищевые частицы всасываются лимфатическими или кровяными сосудами кишечной стенки.
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Тонкие пальцевидные образования (ворсинки) на кишечной стенке увеличивают площадь, которая может всасывать пищу.
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Пищевой материал, который не может быть переварен, такой как растительные волокна, следует в толстый кишечник.
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В толстом кишечнике вода всасывается из продуктов распада и бактерии превращают их в конечную форму, каловые массы.
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Пища проталкивается волнообразными движениями мышц в желудке и кишечнике.
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Сфинктеры, круговые мышцы, которые плотно закрывают выход из желудка, охраняют пищу от движения назад. Сфинктеры также есть в конце пищевода, тонкого кишечника и прямой кишки.
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Наиболее известные расстройства пищеварительной системы – язвы желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки, колиты, энтериты.
LIVER
The liver is the largest and one of the most complex organs in the body. The liver gland lies in the right upper side of the abdomen under the diaphragm and ribs, overlying the upper part of the stomach.
The liver consists of 4 sections or lobes. There are two main lobes: the right lobe, which is the largest and the left lobe. Two smaller lobes lie behind the right lobe. Each lobe is composed of multisided units called lobules. Each lobule consists of a central vein surrounded by tiny liver cells grouped together. These cells perform the work of the liver.
In an average adult male the liver weighs about 1,8 kg; it is smaller in a woman (1,3 kg). The liver is reddish-brown and has a soft, solid texture. It is covered by a tough, fibrous peritoneum. 25% of the total blood supply of the body pass through the liver on the way to the heart each minute.
The liver performs more separate functions than any other organ in the body. Its primary functions are to purify the blood of waists and poisons and to help the body digest nutrients.
The liver stores nutrients, vitamins (except vitamin C), iron, and other minerals until they are required. Liver cells also manufacture lipids and proteins that are required for clotting the blood.
Liver cells recycle various substances, such as hemoglobin, that are needed for the body. The liver destroys many poisonous substances that may be absorbed into the body and acts as an organ of excretion. For example, alcohol and drugs are broken down in the liver. Bile, salts and bilirubin are formed and pass into the bile ducts to be excreted into the duodenum or stored in the gall-bladder. Unwanted proteins are destroyed and changed into urea, which is carried to the kidneys and excreted in the urine.
All these metabolic processes produce a considerable amount of heat that helps to maintain the body’s normal temperature.
So the liver has many vital duties. It is not surprising that the diseases which impair its functions are serious and sometimes fatal.
I. Learn the following words
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[`ædʌlt] |
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[ə`maunt] |
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[`ævərıʤ] |
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[`sel] |
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[`klɔt] |
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[`kɔmpləks] |
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[kəm`pɔuzd] |
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[kən`sıdərəbl] |
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[dıs`trɔı] |
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[eks`kri:ʃn] |
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[`feıtəl] |
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[`glænd] |
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[ım`pɛə] |
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[`aıən] |
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[`lɔub] |
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[`lɔbju:l] |
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[ˎmeın`teın] |
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[ˎmænju`fækʧə] |
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[`nju:trıənts] |
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[pı`fɔ:m] |
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[ˎperı`tɔnıəm] |
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[`pɔızn] |
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[`pɔıznəs] |
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[`pju:rıfaı] |
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[rı`saıkl] |
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[rı`kwaıə] |
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[`rıb] |
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[`seprıt] |
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[`sɔlıd] |
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[`stɔ:] |
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[sə`plaı] |
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[sə`raund] |
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[`teksʧə] |
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[`taını] |
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[`tʌf] |
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[`ju:nıt] |
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[`ju:rıə] |
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[`vaıtəl] |
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[`weı] |
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