- •Digestive system
- •Part I.
- •I. Practise the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the words:
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary:
- •III. Practise the pronunciation and stress
- •IV. Form the new words using the following suffixes and translate them
- •V. Read and translate the following word combinations
- •VI. Remember the following prepositional phrases
- •VII. Read and translate the following word combinations from the text
- •VIII. Read and translate the text, part I
- •IX. Find in the text the sentence with the Passive Voice and translate it
- •X. Find English equivalents for the following words and word combinations
- •XI. In the text find sentences with the following words, reproduce them
- •XII. Answer the questions
- •XIII. Complete the sentences
- •XIV. In the text find sentences which deal with Food is converted into simpler substances.
- •XV. Speak on the following topics:
- •Digestive system part II
- •I. Practise the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the words
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary
- •III. Practise the pronunciation and stress
- •IV. Form the new words using the following suffixes and translate them
- •V. Group the following words from your active vocabulary in the table
- •VII. Read and translate the text part II
- •XII. Reproduce the whole sentence from the text
- •XIII. Complete the sentences
- •XIV. Choose the right preposition
- •XV. Answer the questions
- •XVI. Speak on the following topics
- •XVII. Complete the sentences
- •XVIII. Choose the correct variant
- •XIX. Translate into English
- •II Learn how to pronounce the words correctly
- •IX. Complete the sentences
- •I. Learn the following words
- •II. Learn the pronunciation of the words and guess their meaning
- •III. Form the New Words. Using the Following Suffixes and translate them
- •IV. Read and translate the following word combinations
- •V. Remember the following prepositional phrases
- •VI. Read and translate the following sentences from the text
- •Part II: The lungs
- •I. Practice the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the words
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary
- •III. Find the Russian equivalents of the words and word combinations
- •IV. Find the English equivalents of the words and word combinations
- •V. Find the synonyms of the words and word combinations
- •VI. Read and translate the 1st part of the text “The Respiratory System”
- •VII. Find the following word combinations in the text and translate them
- •VIII. Give the English equivalents for the following word combinations
- •IX. Use the necessary prepositions
- •X. Find the logical continuation of the sentences
- •XI. Answer the questions to the text
- •XII. Speak on the topics using the suggested words
- •XIII. Translate the sentences into English
- •Part II
- •I. Practice the pronunciation of the words and guess their meaning
- •II. Memorize the vocabulary
- •III. Translate the following words and word combinations
- •IV. Match the antonyms
- •V. Find English equivalents for the following words
- •VI. Read the 2nd part of the text “The Respiratory System”
- •VII. Find in the text these prepositional phrases and translate the whole sentence
- •VIII. Translate the following words and word combinations into English
- •IX. Fill in the missing parts of the sentences
- •X. Choose the right preposition
- •XI. Answer the questions
- •XII. Speak on the following topics using the given words
- •XIII. Translate the sentences into English
- •I. Learn the following words
- •II. Practice the pronunciation
- •I. Learn the following words
- •VI. Translate from Russian into English
- •VII. Complete the following sentences
- •VIII. Answer the questions:
- •The Nervous System, peripheral – Part III
- •I. Learn the following words
- •VI. Answer the questions
- •VII. Translate from Russian into English
- •II. Copy out and learn the following words
- •IV. Read and translate the following word combinations
- •V. Remember the following prepositional phrases
- •VII. Read and translate the text , part I language work
- •II. Copy out and learn the following words
- •Language work
- •III. What does “those” substitute in the sentence
- •V. Answer the questions
- •VIII. Speak on the following topics
- •VII. Read and translate the text , part III
- •Pretext step
- •I. Practice the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words
- •III. Fill in the table with the following words from the active vocabulary
- •IV. Form the new words using the following suffixes & translate them
- •V. Read & translate the following word combinations
- •VI. Match the following words to the definitions
- •VII. Match the synonyms
- •VIII. Match the antonyms
- •IX. Answer the questions
- •X. Open the brackets using the Active or Passive Voice
- •XI. Choose the right preposition
- •XII. Translate from Russian into English
- •XIII. Read and translate the text “Endocrine System” After text step
- •XIV. Answer the questions on the text
- •Do you agree that the endocrine system is a network of ductless glands of internal secretion?
- •XV. Complete the sentences
- •XVI. Translate into English
- •Immune system part I
- •I. Practice the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words
- •III. Translate into Russian
- •IV. Match the definitions
- •V. Match the synonyms
- •VI. Match the antonyms
- •VII. Read and translate the text
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Answer the questions
- •X. Fill in the prepositions
- •XI. Translate into English
- •Immune system
- •I. Practise the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words:
- •III. Translate into Russian
- •IV. Give the synonyms:
- •V. Give the antonyms
- •VI. Match the definitions:
- •VII. Read and translate the text
- •VIII. Answer the questions
- •IX. Complete the sentences:
- •X. Say it in one word
- •XI. Fill in the prepositions
- •I. Practise the pronunciation
- •II. Learn the words
- •III. Translate the words
- •IV. Math the definitions
- •V. Match the antonyms
- •VI. Match the synonyms
- •VII. Translate into English
- •VIII. Read and translate the text
- •IX. Answer the questions
- •X. Complete the sentences
- •XI. Full in the prepositions
- •XII. Translate into English
Digestive system
The digestive system is the series of organs that process and convert food into simpler substances that the body uses for nourishment. Starch and complex sugars are digested to simple sugars, fats to fatty acids and glycerine, and proteins to amino acids. These simpler substances consist of small molecules that can pass through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream for distribution to all parts of the body. The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and small and large intestines – aided by secretions from the liver and pancreas.
The teeth break up food by chopping and grinding it into fine particles. Glands in the mouth lubricate and moisten food with saliva, which also contains a digestive enzyme. The tongue conveys food to the throat, and the pharynx muscles push it down the esophagus (gullet), a muscular tube about 25 cm long that leads to the stomach.
The stomach both stores and helps to digest food. The stomach of an average adult can hold about 0.9 liter. It churns food around and mixes it with gastric juice, which includes hydrochloric acid to provide the acid medium needed for enzyme pepsin to break down protein. The partly digested food (chyme) passes from the stomach to the small intestine, usually after two to five hours.
The digestive process is completed in the small intestine, a narrow muscular tube about 6 meters long. Enzymes from the pancreas mix with enzymes from the duodenum. Bile, made by the liver and stored in the gall-bladder, also enters the small intestine. Bile helps in the digestion of fats.
The digested food particles are then absorbed by lymph or blood vessels in the intestinal wall. Tiny finger-like projections (villi) on the walls of the small intestine increase the surface area that can absorb the food. The digested particles are then carried by the bloodstream to the liver, which converts them into substances needed by the body.
Eaten material that cannot be digested as food, such as plant fiber, passes into the large intestine, which is about 1.5m long. There water is removed from the liquid waste, and bacteria convert it to its final form, feces. The waste material is excreted from the body through the end of the large intestine (rectum).
Food is propelled along by the wavelike contractions of muscles in the stomach and intestines. This is called peristalsis. Food moves in one direction only. Sphincters, circular muscles that close tightly, prevent the food from moving backward. There are sphincters at the lower end of the esophagus, at the exit from the stomach, at the lower end of the small intestine, and at the exit from the rectum.
One fairly common disorder of the digestive system is ulcers of the stomach or duodenum. If bile stagnates in the gall-bladder because of a blocked bile duct, gallstones can form and must be removed surgically. Disorders of the intestinal tract include colitis, diverticulitis, diverticulosis, and enteritis.