Сборник Логос 2013

Проблемы современной науки

Резюме В этой статье мы заключаем, что подростковый возраст является период времени между 11 и 18 лет жизни (определение ВОЗ), характеризуется критическим физические и психологические изменения, ведущие к взрослой жизни. Подростки, как правило, считаются очень здоровой группой, с ограниченными потребностями здоровья. Экологические факторы оказывают значительное воздействие на здоровье подростков и благополучия. Подростки очень чувствительны к воздействиям окружающей среды, поскольку они еще не полностью разработаны все свои познавательные способности для оценки информации и жизньмодели.

Adolescence is the time period between 11 and 18 years of life (WHO definition), characterized by critical physical and psychological changes leading to adulthood. Adolescents are generally considered to be a very healthy group, with limited health needs. They remain medically underserved andtheirproblemsareseriouslyunderestimatedbecauseofthefollowing:

The traditionally used health index (mortality rate) does not effectively reflect the adolescent healthstatus

Healthindexesrelatedto lifequalityarenoteasytodefine

Adolescents themselves are developmentally immature to look into the future. Communicable diseases and problems of childhood belong to the past, while health issues of adulthood seem very distant. They consider themselves «invulnerable» and do not demand promotion and protection of healthservicesaddressedtotheirage.[3]

Family cannot really deal with the situation, as the adolescent takes total control of his or her health issues. Parents feel far more comfortable when focusing on school performance and activities - takinggoodhealthforgranted.

Healthproblemsinadolescencemayresultthrough anumberofmechanisms:

Most of the adolescents present problems relating to the normal physical or psychological changesof thisperiod(acne,irondeficiency,anxietyexcess).[1,4]

Disorders of normal pubertyprocedures mayalsooccur at a significant number of teens (e.g.up to50%ofadolescentgirlspresentwithproblemsoftheirmenstrualcycling).

It isestimatedthat10-12% suffers fromseverechronicconditions. Adolescentswithdemanding and chronic problems need multidisciplinary support, so that they can come through the challenges of adolescent yearsinthemostfunctioningandpainlesswayfortheirsituation.

Ρre-existing, yet non-expressed physical or psychosocial pathologies may come to surface duringadolescencebecauseof thegenerallackofstabilitycharacterizingthese years.

Environmental factors have significant impact on adolescent health and well-being. Adolescents are extremely sensitive to environmental influences as they have not yet fully developed all their cognitive abilities for evaluating information and life-models. It is therefore evident that behavior and health patterns of adolescents always reflect the statusof their socialenvironment and services provided tothem.[9]

Young people in modern societies are forced to come through the significant stages of adolescence, while living in a rapidly changing and unstable world: population mixing, decreased occupation possibilities, the divorce phenomenon, lack of social bonding - small families in large societies,technologyprogressandmediapowerimpacts.

Thus, asignificantproblemfor modern youth globallyis thefact that theyarebombardedfrom an early age with social messages having formative effects, particularly at a time of experimentation such as the teenage years. Aggressive marketing targeted at this age group, combined withrisk-taking behaviorsthat youngsters may normally develop as they struggle towards independence, lead to the emergence of «new morbidities». These conditions include problems such as accidents, eating disorders, sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted pregnancies, substance abuse, and mental health issues. Although these conditions are not «classic» medical illnesses, they seriously affect physical and

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mental adolescent health and result to decreased future productivity and employment opportunities. Of great interest is also the fact that a large number of the problems rising in adolescence can be preventable.

Some of the most crucial problems resulting from adolescent high-risk behaviors in Turkey and globallyarethefollowing:[10]

-Sexually transmitteddiseases:

The incidence ofChlamydiatrachomatisinfection in sexually active female adolescents in the USA is 15-37%. Data in Turkey are limited and do not concern mainly adolescent populations. Chlamydia infections can be asymptomatic in 25-50% of cases and theyhave significant impact on the genitaltract. About15-20%ofpelvicinflammatorydiseasecasesmayresultfromsuchaninfectionand thereisawell-establishedcausative linkofthispathogenwithfertilityproblemsinadulthood.

There has been a considerable increase during the past years, of the prevalence of human papillomavirus(ΗPV)andHerpes virustype2genitalinfectionsinTurkey.

Young adults account for a large and increasing proportion of HIV diagnoses. Lack of awareness and knowledge about HIV prevention measures accompanies high rates of sexual risk behavior. HIV infection in puberty results to HIV clinical disease during the 3rd decade of life. Thus, about 1% and 20% of the total of patients with clinicallyexpressed AIDS are teenagers and 20-29 year oldsrespectively.[6]

-Unwantedpregnancies:

Unwanted pregnancies may have serious health consequences for young women, including the risks associatedwithdangerousor illegal abortions. According to data reflecting the situationin Turkey, 30-40% of adolescent girls 16-18 year old are sexually active, while 30% do not use a contraceptive method and another 30% use untrustworthy measures, such as withdrawal. Pregnancy rates have decreased the past twenty years in Turkey (from 9% in 1985 to 5.2% in 2003), which may be well explainedbytheincreaseintheabortionrateduringtheabovetime interval (1980:28.8%,2003:50%).

-Obesity:

Obesityis apandemic of modern societies and data seem veryalarming in TurkeyAccording to a recent studyof the 1st Dpt of Pediatrics of TurkeyUniversity, about 20.63% and 11.8% of adolescent boys were overweight and obese respectively.[7] The relevant numbers for girls were 14.4%και 3.65% for overweight and obese respectively. Obesity in adolescence predicts maintenance in adulthood, with variousseverephysicalandpsychologicalimpacts.

-Eatingdisorders:

There has been an increase in the incidence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia in the adolescent population during the past years. These are severe mental conditions with significant morbidity and mortality rates. The overestimated value of a lean and sexy body figure in the modern world (fortified by the media), certainly plays a significant role in the constantly elevating prevalence of eating disorders.

-Unhealthydietinghabits:

Poor eating habits of adolescents may result in getting up to 50% of their daily calorie intake from fat! At the same time their diet lacks of calcium, iron and fiber sources. The above typical adolescentdietarypatternmayleadtosignificantfuturehealthconsequences.

-Roadtrafficaccidents-unintentionalinjuries:

Injuries, like diseases, do not occur at random. Road traffic accidents are the leading cause of death among adolescents, with mortalityrates being almost double for boys than for girls. The situation in Turkey leaves much scope for improvement, as a particularly high mortality rate of 14 deaths from roadtrafficaccidents/100.000adolescentshasbeenestimatedbytheNationalStatisticOrganizationfor 2001.

-Tobacco,alcoholanddruguse:

Adolescence is the period of experimentation and rebellion against authority. This is the age

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when smoking; alcohol drinking and drug use can become established habits. Smoking is quite a problem in Turkey, as 60% of men and 45% of women are smokers by the age of 25 years. Over 90% of adult smokers have had their initiative smoking experience during adolescence (age < 19 years). SmokingpercentageinTurkeyhighschoolpopulationwasapproximately20.8%, in1998.

At the age of 15 years, 67% of adolescents in Europe report that they have been drunk at least twice in their lives. Alcoholabuse is frequentlyassociatedwith youth violence,unplannedsexandit is a factor (among other drug use) in approximately 41% of all deaths from motor vehicle crashes in the USA.

According to the1999 Εuropean School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs Report (ΕSPAD), 9% of 16 year old high school students in Greece have used marijuana at least once (11% and 7% forboys and girls respectively).[5]Mean ageof first marihuana experiencewas 14.9 years.Use ofothersubstances isfortunatelylow inTurkey(<2%).

-Mentalhealth–intentionalinjuries:

Adolescents mayoften experiencedistressing and disabling emotions thataresometimes part of their normal development. However, there is an increasing incidence of mental illness globally, mainly because of the breakdown of traditional social and family structures. According to a survey in Turkey, 13% of adolescent boys and 29% of girls were considered as being in a «depressive» emotional state. The burden of mental distress is often underestimated, while untreated mental illness in adolescence may lead to lifelong dysfunction. Fortunately, many mental problems are preventable and all can be helped. Thus, promotion of mental health services in adolescence is stressed as a priority in modern societies.

Adolescence is characterized by noticeable increases in self-harm, being a particularly vulnerable life period. Suicide rates tend to increase with age, but in some countries a secondary peak has been recentlyshown in the age 15-24 years. In Turkey, 8.3% of adolescent boys and 17.6% of girls reported that they had seriously «considered suicide» at least once in their life. Suicide attempt rates were 0.86% and 3.02% for boys and girls respectively. Suicide deaths were 9 in 2001 in Turkey, a very low suicidedeathratecomparedtootherpartsof the world(0.75/100.000adolescents).

According tothe recent document of the Regional Committee for Europe of the World Health Organization (W.H.O.) concerning health and behavioural issues of adolescents in 35 European countries, all the above mentioned topics provide basic health indexes for adolescent health and unfortunatelythereisalottobedone forimprovingcurrentstatus.[8]

Списоклитературы:

1.Аверьянов В.Б. Аппарат государственного управления: содержание деятельности и организационныеструктуры.Киев,Науковадумка,1996.

2.Атаманчук Г.В. Обеспечение рациональности государственного управления. М., Юридическаялитература.1990.

3.Управлениеперсоналоморганизации.Подред. Кибанова А.Я.М.,ИНФРА-М,1997.

4.Управленческиепроцедуры.Подред.ЛазареваБ.Н..М.,Наука,1992.

5.AnOutlineofAmericanGovernment.Ed.byGlinck.USIA.1990.

6.BeerS.DiagnostingtheSystemforOrganizations.Chichester,1985.

7.BerlinJ.FourEssaysanLiberty. L.,OxfordUniv.Press,1989.

8.Gehlen A. Die Seel un technischen Zeitalter. Sozialpsychologische Probleme in der industriellenGesellschaft.Hamburg,1987.

9.Sharkansky I. Public Administration: Agencies, Policies and Politics. N. Y., San Francisco,

1982.

10.WalkerD.B. TheChangingDynamicsofFederalAidtoCities.Wash.,1981.

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С целью предоставления возможности свободно обнародовать свои изыскания по различным областям науки, а также содействие в обмене накопленными научными знаниями и методическими приемами проводит

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РАССЫЛКА НАУЧНЫХ ИЗДАНИЙ 2-10 СЕНТЯБРЯ 2013

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