Reading and developing speaking skills

Ex. 5. Read VOCABULARY and memorize new words.

Ex. 6. Insert the missing letters and translate the following words:

Ac_omplish; confi_e; beni_n; ne_rby; compet_, restra_nt; mali_nant; tum_r; cro_d out; pat_ern; la_k; different_iation; _ancer.

Ex. 7. Translate the following words into English:

Пухлина; рак; доброякісний; злоякісний; обмеження; близький, розташований поряд|сусідній|, сусідній; намагатися|пробувати|, прагнути; заміщати, замінювати; організований, впорядкований; модель, зразок|взірець|; екскреція; розвиватися; рости|зростати|; вторгатися; знищувати; тканина; визначати; кістковий мозок.

Ex. 8. Read and memorize the following terms:

Tumor is any abnormal swelling, lump or mass. In current English, however, the word tumor has become synonymous with neoplasm, specifically solid neoplasm. Note that some neoplasms, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Neoplasm: the scientific term to describe an abnormal proliferation of genetically altered cells. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Malignant neoplasm or malignant tumor: synonymous with cancer. Benign neoplasm or benign tumor: a tumor (solid neoplasm) that stops growing by itself, does not invade other tissues and does not form metastases. Invasive tumor is another synonym of cancer. The name refers to invasion of surrounding tissues. Pre-malignancy, pre-cancer or non-invasive tumor: a neoplasm that is not invasive but has the potential to progress to cancer (become invasive) if left untreated. These lesions are, in order of increasing potential for cancer, atypia, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Metastasis: new tumors that appear far from the original tumor. Chemotherapy: treatment with drugs. Radiation therapy: treatment with radiations. Carcinoma: Malignant tumors derived from epithelial cells. This group represents the most common cancers, including the common forms of breast, prostate, lung and colon cancer. Sarcoma: Malignant tumors derived from connective tissue.

Ex. 9. Read the following words and word-combinations:

Characterize; generalize; cause; excretion; accompanying process; acquire; pattern; orderly; divide; neighboring; nutrient; tumor; metastasis; via the blood system; benign tumor; procedure available today; identify; primarily; remove; adjacent; nausea.

Ex. 10. Read the following text:

CANCER

Cancer is general term for various illnesses characterized by abnormal growth of cells, forming tumors that can develop in various parts of the body. Some cancers can affect one organ, and others are more generalized. Cancer is very serious disease. Annually, cancer is diagnosed in approximately 1.4 million persons. Cancer causes more than 500.000 deaths every year.

As we know, the human body is a living, growing system that contains billions of individual cells. These cells carry out all of the body’s functions, such as metabolism, transportation, excretion, reproduction, and locomotion. The body grows and develops as a result of increases in numbers of new cells and their changes into different types of tissue. New cells are created through the process of cell division. Different types of cells are created by an accompanying process called cell differentiation (differentiation is the process by which cell acquires a specialized function). Cell division results in the normal pattern of human growth; cell differentiation makes possible the normal, orderly pattern of growth and development.

Unlike normal cells, cancer cells lack the controls that stop growth. They divide without restraint, displacing neighboring normal cells by crowding them out and affecting their normal function and growth by competing with them. These uncontrolled cells can grow into a mass called a tumor (or a neoplasm) and invade and destroy nearby normal tissue. They also can migrate in a process called “metastasis”, spreading via the blood or lymph system to other parts of the body. It is important to note all cells that have rapid or uncontrolled growth are cancer cells. Cells may accumulate as benign tumors, which do not invade or destroy surrounding tissues.

Why cancer develops in some people is not fully known. The earlier the cancer detected, the greater the chances it can be treated before it spreads to other tissues or organs in the body. With the cancer screening procedures available today, many cancers can now be detected early enough to be cured. Every diagnosis of cancer attempts to identify the type and location of the cancer. Each type of cancer has its own characteristic rate of growth, tendency to spread, and particular set of target tissues or organs to which it spreads.

Cancer therapy is concentrated primarily on trying to confine and then kill the malignant cells. This goal is accomplished by killing the tissue with X-rays, by removing the tumor surgically, or by treating the patient with drugs that kill rapidly dividing cells (chemotherapy). The major problem is that some cancers cannot be removed completely by surgery or killed by X-rays. In addition, X-rays may also kill normal tissue adjacent to the tumor. Drugs used in cancer therapy do not kill only cancer tissue, but they kill any other rapidly growing tissue as well such as bone marrow (in which new blood cells are produced) and the lining of the intestinal tract. Loss of these tissues can result in anemia (caused by a lack of red blood cells) and nausea (caused by loss of the intestinal lining).

Ex. 11. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Abnormal growth of cells; annually; to increase in numbers of new cells; cells are created through the process of cell division; acquire; orderly pattern; unlike normal cells; cancer cells lack the controls that stop growth; without restraint; to invade and to destroy nearby tissue; via the blood or lymph system; benign tumors; early diagnosis; procedures available today; to kill the malignant cells; goal; rapidly growing tissue; nausea.

Ex. 12. Translate the text “Cancer” into Ukrainian.

Ex. 13. Complete the following sentences:

Cancer is characterized by _. 2. Cancer can develop in various _. 3. Individual cells carry out all of the body’s functions, such as _. 4. New cells are created through the process of _. 5. Cancer cells divide without _. 6. Cancer cells crowd normal cells out and affect _. 7. They can spread via the blood system to _. 8. Cells of benign tumors do not invade or destroy _.

Ex. 14. Give the English equivalents of the words in brackets. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

The mechanism of cancer (розвиток) is not fully known. 2. The best diagnosis of (раку) is an early one. 3. Cancer can be treated before it (розповсюдиться) to other organs or tissues. 4. The cancer diagnosis identifies the type and (розташування) of the cancer. 5. The type of cancer has particular (набір) of target tissues or organs to which it spreads. 6. Cancer therapy (обмежує) and kills the malignant cells. 7. Cancer therapy (включає) using X-rays, surgical treatment, and chemotherapy. 8. X-rays may kill normal tissue (розташованийпоряд) to the tumor.

Ex. 15. Answer the following questions:

1. What is cancer characterized by? 2. Where can cancer develop? 3. What do the cancer cells lack? 4. What is a tumor? 5. What is the difference between the cells of benign and malignant tumors? 6. What is the goal of early diagnosis? 7. What does each type of cancer have? 8. What is the goal of cancer therapy?

Ex. 16. Insert the missing prepositions:

1. Cancer is a disease, characterized _ excessive division of body cells. 2. Malignant tumors can penetrate and destroy the normal tissue _ which they are a part. 3. The cancerous cells can invade adjacent tissues and spread throughout the body _ way of the blood and lymph systems. 4. The transformation of a normal cell _ a cancerous one is only partially understood at present.

Ex. 17. Put all possible questions to the following sentences:

1. Most of the widely used screening tests are designed to discover common forms of cancer in persons of highest risk. 2. Lung tumors occur at a much greater frequency in asbestos-exposed persons who also smoke. 3. Oncology is the study of cancer and its associated problems. 4. Cancer cells can spread from a tumor site to other areas of the body through the lymphatic system. 5. During cancer surgery malignant lymph nodes are often removed.

Ex. 18. Skim through the text “Cancer” once more, divide it into logical parts, and entitle them.

Ex. 19. Write out the key sentences of the text “Cancer”.

Ex. 20. Be ready to discuss the following topics:

Mechanisms of cancer occurring;

Cancer therapy.