- •O. Pisotska
- •Передмова
- •Lesson 39
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Forms of participle
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Respiratory system
- •Normal ventilation
- •Smoking
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar
- •Absolute participle construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Respiratory disorders
- •Tracheobronchitis and bronchitis
- •Disorders of the sinuses and throat
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Construction “it is (was, will be ) … that (who, whom)”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Overview
- •Lesson 42
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Infectious diseases and their types
- •Subgroups of the infectious diseases
- •Overview
- •Immune system
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (revision)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Immune system
- •Immunity
- •Overview
- •Lesson 44
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Functions of “one”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Overview
- •Lesson 45
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Infinitive and its forms
- •Інфінітив у формі|у формі| Continuous| виражає тривалу дію, що відбувається одночасно з дією, вираженою дієсловом-присудком:
- •Інфінітив у формі|у формі| Perfect| виражає|виказує,висловлює| дію, що передує дії, вираженій дієсловом-присудком:
- •Subjective infinitive construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Endocrine system
- •Ex. 16. Translate the text “Endocrine System” into Ukrainian.
- •Endocrine glands
- •Functions of hormones
- •Ex. 34. Speak on the some endocrine glands using obtained data. You may use the following expressions:
- •Thyroid gland
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Hormonal problems
- •Ex. 7. Translate the text “Hormonal Problems” into Ukrainian.
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar:
- •Objective infinitive construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Diabetes mellitus
- •Insulin injection
- •Medication
- •Overview
- •Lesson 48
- •I. Read and translate one of the following texts: Text a thyroid diseases
- •Allergy
- •Text c tuberculosis
- •II. Speak on the following topics:
- •Word-building
- •Nervous system
- •Various forms of nerve cells.
- •Spinal cord
- •Overview
- •Lesson 50
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Sequence of tenses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 20. Read the following abstract and write down all unknown medical terms. Translate them with the aid of dictionary. Tell about the hypothalamic functions: hypothalamus
- •Human brain and its functions
- •What is wonderful about the brain?
- •Overview
- •Lesson 51
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Disorders of nervous system
- •Infections
- •Ex. 8. Read and memorize the following words:
- •Degenerative disorders
- •Ex. 16. Write the summary of the text "Degenerative Disorders" overview
- •Lesson 52
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Adverbs
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 4. Read the vocabulary and memorize new words. Ex. 5. Insert the missing letters, read the following words and translate them:
- •Accessory structures
- •Eye placement
- •Overview
- •Lesson 53
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Noun as attribute
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ear disorders
- •Communicating with a hearing-impaired person
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •What is your skin type
- •Ex. 22. Read and translate the following text: skin disorders
- •Text a disorders of vision
- •Bronchitis
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Objective participle construction
- •The Objective Participle Construction перекладається підрядним реченням зі сполучником “як”: I saw them walking along the street.Я бачив, як вони йшли по вулиці.
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Urinary system
- •Ex. 20. Make up a dialogue on the urinary system.
- •Functions of urinary system
- •Fluid excretion
- •Kidneys
- •Ex. 26. Describe the structure of kidney using the following figure:
- •Ex. 27 Describe kidneys’ functions. The following expressions may be helpful:
- •Ex. 28. Write the summary of the text "Kidneys".
- •Overview
- •Lesson 57
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Functions of the verb “to have”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Kidneys disorders
- •Kidney stones
- •Ex. 23. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied:
- •Kidney transplantation
- •Overview
- •Lesson 58
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Functions of the verb “to be”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 8. Read and memorize the following terms:
- •Ex. 21. Write the summary of the text “Cancer”.
- •New methods to fight cancer
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Interrogative form (Revision)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 8. Translate the following words into English:
- •Stomach tumor
- •Ex. 18. Give a summary of the text “Stomach Tumor”.
- •Lung cancer
- •Tumors of the small intestine
- •Cancer of the kidney
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Pregnancy
- •Food and nutrition during pregnancy
- •Development of the organ systems
- •Signs of pregnancy
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: simple tenses (revision)
- •Reading and developing skills
- •Death; embryo; adolescent; occur; amount; achieve; subsequent; myelin sheath; push; raise; grasp; listen; quietly; laugh; loud.
- •First year after birth
- •Development during the preschool years
- •School years
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Interrogative form
- •Reading and developing reading skills
- •Newborn’s nutrition
- •Breast feeding
- •Infant’s nutrition
- •Nutrition of preschool child
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar: modal verbs (revision)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Childhood infectious diseases
- •Chickenpox
- •Immunization
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar:
- •Infinitive constructions and participles (revision)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Measles
- •Complications of measles
- •Some notions about measles
- •I. Read and translate one of the following texts: Text a female reproductive system
- •Male reproductive system
- •Infertility
- •Breast cancer
- •Whooping cough
- •Treatment for whooping cough
- •II. Speak on the following topics:
- •Appendix 1
- •Irregular verbs
- •Appendix 2 suffixes and term-elements
- •Term elements of greek and latin origin greek, latin, english and ukrainian equivalents
- •Короткий довідник з правил словотворення
- •Найуживаніші суфікси англійської мови:
- •Основні префікси:
- •Practical grammar guide
- •(Короткий граматичний довідник)
- •Іменник
- •(Cases)
- •Артикль (article)
- •Займенники (pronouns)
- •Прикметник (adjective)
- •Найвищий ступінь порівняння прикметників (Superlative Degree)
- •Порядок слів у реченні.
- •Побудова розповідних і питальних речень
- •Способи визначення присудка в англійському реченні
- •Неозначено-особові речення
- •Безособові речення.
- •Форми дієслова forms of the verb
- •Часи групи simple (indefinite) present simple
- •Past simple
- •Future simple
- •Simple tenses
- •Часи групи continuous
- •Present continuous
- •Past continuous
- •Future continuous
- •Continuous tenses
- •Perfect tenses
- •Present perfect
- •Past perfect
- •Future perfect
- •Perfect tenses
- •Стан дієслова
- •Passive voice
- •Зведена таблиця часів стверджувальної форми
- •Зведена таблиця питальної форми
- •Interrogative form
- •Дієслова to be та to have
- •Ознаки функціональної відмінності дієслова to be
- •Модальні дієслова (modal verbs)
- •Модальне дієслово can
- •Модальне дієслово could
- •Модальне дієслово may
- •Модальне дієслово must
- •Ознаки розпізнавання граматичних форм, утворених за допомогою допоміжних дієслів should I would
- •Підрядні додаткові та означальні речення (object clauses)
- •Виділення членів речення за допомогою підсилювальної конструкції it is (was, will be) ... That (who, which)
- •Умовний спосіб
- •(Infinitive)
- •Об’єктний інфінітивний комплекс (Objective Infinitive Construction)
- •Дієприкметник
- •Об’єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс (Objective Participle Construction)
- •The Objective Participle Construction перекладається підрядним реченням зі сполучником “як”: I saw them walking along the street. – я бачив, як вони йшли по вулиці. Герундій (gerund)
- •Форми герундія
- •Герундіальний комплекс (зворот) (Gerund Construction)
- •Узгодження часів у підрядному додатковому реченні
- •Vocabulary список використаної літератури
New methods to fight cancer
Cancer treatment is constantly evolving. Some of these methods are now accepted therapy, and others are under investigation and are experimental. Physicians often combine these approaches with chemotherapy and radiation.
T Cells. T cells recognize and attack cancer cells. Researchers hope to remove T cells from the body, stimulate growth, and return them in large numbers to fight cancer. Someday, vaccines may be available to promote growth of T cells.
Gene therapy. Many tumors grow because normal genes go awry, changing healthy cells into cancerous cells. Genes that help fight cancer can also fail to work properly. With gene therapy, physicians hope to replace defective genes and encourage the growth of healthy genes.
Laser.High-intensity light shows potential for treatment cancers of skin, trachea, lungs, esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, and anus.
Hyperthermia. Since the early 1800s, physicians have known that heat can harm some tumors. Researchers now are evaluating hyperthermia to treat cancer of the breast, lymph nodes, skin, eyes, and cervix.
Overview
Cancer is characterized by abnormal growth of cells, which form tumors. It can develop in various tissues and organs of the human body. Cancer cells divide without restraint. They crowd normal cells out and affect their normal function and growth. Cancer cells can spread via the blood or lymph system to other parts of the body. Tumors are masses or growths, which arise from surrounding normal tissue. They may be either malignant or benign. Cells of benign tumors do not invade or destroy surrounding tissues. But the mechanism of cancer developing is not fully known. It is very dangerous disease. An early diagnosis identifies the type and location of the cancer. Cancer can be treated before it spreads to other organs or tissues. Cancer therapy confines and kills the malignant cells. This therapy includes using X-rays, surgical treatment, and chemotherapy.
LESSON 59
CANCEROUS DISEASES
Vocabulary
|
immediate [I’mIdjqt] близький (про родичів) bloat[blqut] роздувати(ся), надувати(ся) confine [kqn'faIn] обмежувати offer [‘Ofq] пропонувати likelihood [‘laIklIhud] вірогідність alleviate [q’lI:vIeIt] полегшувати |
exclusively [Iks’klu:sIvlI] винятково, виключно recovery [rI’kAvqri] видужання, одужання; виліковування choose [Cu:z] обирати analgesic [“xnxl’GesIk] анальгезуючий, анальгетичний, болезаспокійливий |
Word-building
Ex. 1. Analyze the structure of the following terms and translate them into Ukrainian:
Histopathological; cytoplastic; neoplastic; hydrocarbon; laryngectomy; cytoplasm.
Grammar:
Ex. 2. Familiarize yourself with the data of the following table:
Interrogative form (Revision)
|
Tense |
(1) Questioning word |
(2) Auxiliary verb |
(3) Subject |
(4) Predicate |
Example |
|
Present Simple Tense, Active Voice |
What |
do
does |
I, you, we they
he, she, it |
V (study, write) |
Do you study? Where does he study? |
|
Past Simple Tense, Active Voice |
Where |
did |
I, he, she, it, you, we, they |
V (study, write) |
When did you go to the Academy? |
|
Future Simple Tense, Active Voice |
When |
shall
will |
I, we
he, she, it, you, they |
V (study, write) |
Where will they go tomorrow? |
|
Present Simple Tense, Passive Voice |
Why |
am is are |
I he, she, it you, we, they |
V3 (studied, written) |
Where is this hospital built? |
|
Past Simple Tense, Passive Voice |
How |
was
were |
I, he, she, it
you, we they |
V3 (studied, written) |
What medicine was your doctor prescribed? Were the patients examined?
|
|
Future Simple Tense, Passive Voice |
How many |
shall
will |
I, we
he, she, it, you, they |
be + V3 (be studied, be written) |
When will the polyclinic be closed? |
|
Present Continuous Tense, Active Voice |
How much
|
am
is
are |
I
he, she, it
you, we, they |
Ving (studying, writing) |
What is he writing now? What are you doing ? |
|
Past Continuous Tense, Active Voice |
|
was
were |
I, he, she, it
you, we they |
Ving (studying, writing) |
Where was a doctor performing on the operation? |
|
Future Continuous Tense, Active Voice |
|
shall
will |
I, we
he, she, it, you, they |
be + Ving (be studying, be writing) |
What will you be doing at 3 p.m.? |
|
Present Continuous Tense, Passive Voice |
|
am
is
are |
I
he, she, it
you, we, they |
being + V3 (being studied, being written) |
What hospital is your friend being operated on? |
|
Past Continuous Tense, Passive Voice |
|
was
were |
I, he, she, it
you, we they |
being + V3 (being studied, being written) |
When was the work being fulfilled? |
|
Present Perfect Tense, Active Voice |
|
have
has |
I, you, we they
he, she, it |
V3 (studied, written) |
What has he received this week? |
|
Past Perfect Tense, Active Voice |
|
had |
I, he, she, it, you, we, they |
V3 (studied, written) |
How many articles had the student read by 5 o’clock? |
|
Future Perfect Tense, Active Voice |
|
shall
will |
I, we
he, she, it, you, they |
have + V3 (have studied, have written) |
What text will Helen have translated by 3 o’clock? |
|
Present Perfect Tense, Passive Voice |
|
have
has |
I, you, we they
he, she, it |
been + V3 (been studied, been written) |
Has the text been translated today? |
|
Past Perfect Tense, Passive Voice |
|
had |
I, he, she, it, you, we, they |
been + V3 (been studied, been written) |
Where had the patient been examined? |
|
Future Perfect Tense, Passive Voice |
|
shall
will |
I, we
he, she, it, you, they |
have + been + V3 (have been studied, have been written) |
When will the hospital have been modernized? |
Ex. 3. Ask 5-6 questions concerning the theme “Cancer”.
Ex. 4. Turn the following sentences into interrogative:
1. The pancreas functions as both exocrine and endocrine organ. 2. These gases are removed from the body by exhalation through the lungs. 3. Each renal artery branches into many small arteries. 4. The kidney has filtered out of the blood the waste products. 5. The gums are made of fleshy tissue and surround the sockets in which the teeth are found. 6. The cause of malignant gastric tumor is unknown. 7. The gastrointestinal tract begins with the oral cavity. 8. More than 20 types of malignant and benign tumors have been identified as originating in the lungs. 9. The lungs extend from the collarbone to the diaphragm.