Functions of the verb “to have”

USING	FUNCTION	EXAMPLES
to have+ noun	Main Verb	The heart has four chambers.
to have + V3 (Perfect Tenses, Active Voice) to have + been + V3 (Perfect Tenses, Passive Voice)	Auxiliary Verb	The heart has pumped oxygenated blood.
to have + V (with particle “to”)	Modal Meaning	The doctor has to examine her.

Ex. 3. Read the following sentences and translate them into Ukrainian:

1. Many of the abnormalities have no symptoms. 2. Instruments that pulverize kidney stones with ultrasound have replaced most traditional surgical procedures. 3. They had adverse reactions, including death. 4. As a rule the person has flank pain, high fever, vomiting, and burning sensation during urination. 5. In persons who have had chickenpox, the virus can cause shingles later in life. 6. He has estimated that mitosis is the division of the nucleus into two nuclei. 7. The arteries have to be strong as well as flexible. 8. The students of many countries have to pay for their training.

Reading and developing speaking skills

Ex. 4. Read VOCABULARY and memorize the following words.

Ex. 5. Compose 2-3- sentences using the words of VOCABULARY.

Ex. 6. Insert the missing letters:

Renal tub_le; nep_ritis; ur_a; corpus_le; fail_re; ne_hron; renal pel_is.

Ex. 7. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Recur; permeability; acidosis; glomerulonephritis; vasoconstriction; filtrate; eradicate; osmolality; ischemia; renal corpuscle; renal pelvis; increase; tea-colored urine; blurred vision; ache; flank pain.

Ex. 8. Read the following words and word-combinations:

Abnormality; initially; nephritis; corpuscle; permeability; osmolality; urine; generalized; pyelonephritis; medulla; high fever; although; immediate threat; recur; interfere; lead; mercuric ion; carbon tetrachloride; epithelium.

Ex. 9. Read the following text:

Kidneys disorders

There are many forms of kidneys diseases. Many of the following abnormalities have no symptoms and may often go undetected, at least initially, or are detected when tests are done.

Glomerulonephritis results from inflammation of the filtration membrane within the renal corpuscle. It is characterized by an increased permeability of the filtration membrane and the accumulation of numerous white blood cells in the area of the filtration membrane. As a consequence, a high concentration of plasma proteins enters the urine along with numerous white blood cells. Plasma proteins in the filtrate increase the osmolality of the filtrate, causing a greater-than-normal urine volume. The signs and symptoms are the following: cola- or tea-colored urine, hypertension, fluid retention, headaches, blurred vision, and generalized aches.

Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the renal pelvis, medulla, and cortex. It often begins as a bacterial infection of the renal pelvis and then extends into the kidney itself. It can result from several types of bacteria. Pyelonephritis may cause the destruction of nephrons and renal corpuscles, but because the infection starts in the pelvis of the kidney, it affects the medulla more than the cortex. As a consequence, the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine is dramatically affected. As a rule the person has flank pain, high fever, vomiting, and burning sensation during urination. When properly treated, acute pyelonephritis rarely progresses to chronic renal disease, although it can be an immediate threat to life in an elderly or weakened persons. It can also recur if the infection is not totally eradicated.

Renal failure may result from any condition that interferes with kidney function. Acute renal failure occurs when damage to the kidney is extensive and leads to the accumulation of the urea in the blood and to acidosis. In complete renal failure death may occur in 1 to 2 weeks. Acute renal failure may result from acute glomerulonephritis, or it may be caused by damage to or blockage of renal tubules. Some poisons such as mercuric ions or carbon tetrachloride that are the common to certain industrial processes cause necrosis of the nephron epithelium. If the damage does not interrupt the basement membrane surrounding the nephrons, extensive regeneration can occur within 2 or 3 weeks. Severe ischemia associated with circulatory shock caused by sympathetic vasoconstriction of the renal blood vessels can cause necrosis of the epithelial cells of the nephron.

Ex. 10. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:

Гломерулонефрит; нирковий каналець; усувати, викорінювати; мальпігієве| тільце, ниркове тільце; ацидоз, кислотна інтоксикація; осмотичний тиск|тиснення|; ниркова лоханка; сечовина; недостатність; пієлонефрит; рецидивувати; проникність; ангіоспазм, звуження кровоносних судин|посудин|; викликати|спричиняти| деструкцію; хронічне захворювання; виникати; покривати, оточувати.

Ex. 11. Translate the text “Kidneys Disorders” into Ukrainian.

Ex. 12. Insert the missing words:

1. Glomerulonephritis results from inflammation of the filtration membrane within the renal _. 2. It is characterized by an increased _ of the filtration membrane. 3. The signs and symptoms of glomerulonephritis are the following: tea-colored urine, hypertension, fluid retention, _, and generalized aches. 4. Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the renal _, medulla, and cortex. 5. It often begins as a bacterial _ of the renal pelvis. 6. Then it extends into the _ itself. 7. Pyelonephritis may cause the destruction of _ and renal corpuscles. 8. The person with pyelonephritis has _ pain, high fever, vomiting, and burning sensation during urination. 9. When properly treated, acute _ rarely progresses to chronic renal disease. 10. Renal failure may result from any _ that interferes with kidney function. 11. Acute renal failure occurs when damage to the kidney leads to the accumulation of the _ in the blood. 12. In renal failure death may _ in 1 to 2 weeks. 13. Acute renal failure may result from acute _. 14. In some cases it may be caused by damage to or blockage of renal _. 15. Circulatory shock caused by sympathetic _ of the renal blood vessels can cause necrosis of the epithelial cells of the nephron.

Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:

1. What kidneys disorders do you know? 2. What does glomerulonephritis result from? 3. What is glomerulonephritis characterized by? 4. What are the symptoms of glomerulonephritis? 5. What is pyelonephritis? 6. What can pyelonephritis result from? 7. What are the signs of pyelonephritis? 8. What is renal failure? 9. What are the causes of renal failure? 10. Is it dangerous disease?

Ex. 14. Insert the prepositions and translate the following sentences:

1. Acute infections practically always precede the onset _ acute nephritis. 2. Acute glomerular nephritis is not merely a disease of the kidney, but may involve various systems _ the body. 3. The chief changes occurring _ acute glomerular nephritis are swelling and disintegration of the endothelial cells which line the capillaries of the tufts (tuft пучок). 4. The patient may develop the clinical picture of acute nephritis _ a period of from two to eight days. 5. Disturbances of urination characterized _ a scanty (недостатній, обмежений) outflow of urine or even complete anuria may be present. 6. The severity or mildness of the kidney disease cannot always be measured _ the examination of the urine or any other tests.

Ex. 15. Write out key words of the text “Kidney Disorders”.

Ex. 16. Make up a plan of the text “Kidney Disorders”.

Ex. 17. Speak on the kidney disorders. The following expressions may be helpful:

… is one of the kidneys disorders.

The cause of … is … .

The signs and symptoms of … are … .

… may progresses to/can cause … .

Ex. 18. Make up a dialogue on glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, or renal failure. Use the following expressions:

What is the definition of …?

What is the cause of …?

What are the signs of … ?

Ex. 19. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied:

Smooth surface гладка, рівна поверхня; stone камінь; referred [rI'fq:d] pain гетеротопічний біль, відбитий (рефлекторний) біль; groin [grOIn] пах; ulceration укривання виразками; obscure [qb'skjuq] неясний; gout [gaut] подагра; pulverize ['pAlveraIz] дрібнити, дробити.

Ex. 20. Read and translate the following text: