Ex. 18. Give a summary of the text “Stomach Tumor”.

Ex. 19. Read the following text and discuss it with your fellow-students:

Lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death. More than 20 types of malignant and benign tumors have been identified as originating in the lungs. A benign tumor is a mass of abnormal tissue that does not spread and can be completely removed surgically. It is not life-threatening and is not likely to recur. A malignant tumor, however, is an abnormal growth of cells that can invade and destroy nearby tissue or organs and can spread to other parts of the body.

Cigarette smoking accounts for 85 percent of all lung cancers. Other risk factors for lung cancer include exposure to asbestos and other industrial carcinogens, second-hand smoke, and high concentrations of radon. Primary lung cancer is uncommon in nonsmokers, but cancer of the breast, colon, prostate, kidney, thyroid, bone, or other organs may spread to the lungs. The symptoms of lung cancer are cough that produce sputum, containing pus and sometimes blood, shortness of breath, fever, chest pain, hoarness, loss of appetite and weight.

Lung cancer is a very serious disease and has a very poor outlook. However, the outcome depends on the extent of the disease when it is covered, the general health and age, the cell type of cancer, how rapidly it growths, and what type of therapy is given. Only 20 to 25 percent of all lung cancers can be removed surgically at the time of initial diagnosis. Once symptoms of lung cancer appear, the disease may be fairly well advanced and not treatable by operation.

Basically, there are three treatment options for lung cancer: surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Laser surgery can be used to restore breathing when tumors obstruct central air passageways. Usually, this is done only when surgical removal of cancer is not possible.

Ex. 20. Read the text in paragraphs. Define the main subject of each paragraph:

Tumors of the small intestine

Tumors of the small intestine are relatively uncommon. They represent only 3 to 6 percent of all abnormal growths in the gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal tumors can be benign or malignant.

Most tumors of the small bowel are benign and usually are discovered between ages 40 and 60. The most frequent symptoms are pain, nausea and vomiting, and bleeding. There are several types of benign tumors, including lipomas, leiomyomas, angiomas, and adenomas. These tumors do not spread. They often are an incidental finding on an X-ray made because of another problem, although some benign tumors can cause bleeding.

A small percentage of tumors of the small intestine are malignant. The most common malignant types are adenocarcinoma, leiomyocarcoma, carcinoid tumor, and lymphoma.

Bleeding, perforation, and obstruction are common manifestations of a leiomyocarcoma, whereas a carcinoid tumor may cause no symptoms before it spreads.

The diagnosis of a tumor in the small intestine is often made with a barium X-ray.

Benign tumors are not life-threatening, but they can cause dangerous symptoms such as bleeding and obstruction. Like any malignancy, cancer of the small intestine is dangerous and life- threatening illness and requires prompt treatment.

Surgery is usually recommended for all benign tumors that cause symptoms and for malignancies that have not become too widespread for surgical treatment. At times, the X-ray examination of the intestine cannot distinguish a benign from a malignant tumor, and surgical exploration of the abdomen and removal of the tumor are necessary before the diagnosis can be made. When a tumor has metastasized to such an extent that surgery will not be effective, steroid medications, chemotherapy, and radiation may be used.

Ex. 21. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied:

Hereditary спадковий; von Hippel-Lindau disease ангіофакоматоз; outcome наслідок; advocate рекомендувати; infancy початкова стадія розвитку.

Ex. 22. Read and translate the following text: