Biochemistry

By Tim Lennox

The chemistry of life, or "biochemistry" as chemists call it, is an area in which the classical 1) fi_lds of chemistry and biology meet. It can be called 2) molecul_r biology. Biochem­istry is known to be the study of the 3) stru_tures and 4) rea_tions of the thousands of 5) comp_unds 6) in_olved in life process. It is considered to be the most 7) comple_ area of chemistry.

Living 1) _______ are supposed to represent the most efficient, sophisticated, compact 2) _______ "factories" ever known. How, for example, do 3) _______ of the body know when to divide and 4) _________ into new cells having the same characteristics as the original cells? When the body is afflicted by 5) _______ or by a wound how does the body protect 6) ______ and repair the damage? We know these 7) ______ to involve thousands of different chemical compounds.

When we 1) (compares, compare) the nervous system to man-made electronic computers the efficiency and complexity of the biological systems 2) (become, became) even more impressive. Despite great advances in computer technology, the 3) (more great, greatest) comput­er ever built is almost insignificant being compared to a hu­man brain weighing little more than a kilogram. A computer can 4) (perform, performed) mathematical operations million of times faster than a person, but think of some of the 5) (things, thing) the nervous system can do. For example, it can cause your arm to 6) (will reach out, reach out) and touch an object.

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From the Daily Telegraph

02.04.2009

Poison

By Sonia Dall

Poison is an 1) a_ent that may produce 2) c_emically an injurious or deadly effect when introduced into the body in sufficient quantity. Some poison can be 3) de_dly in minute quantities; others only if relatively large 4) am_unts are involved. Factors of importance in determining the 5) se_erity of a poison include the nature of the poison itself, the concentration and amount, the route of 6) adm_nistration, the length of exposure, and the age, and physical 7) he_lth of the individual.

If poisoning is suspected a 1) ______ or poison control center should be called immediately. The remainder of the poison and 2) _____ container should be saved; the label may list ingredients, first aid 3) ____, or antidotes. For most ingested poison emptying the stomach is the 4) ____ important treatment; vomiting is best accomplished in the 5) ___ individual by administering syrup of ipecac with 6) ___ quantities of water. The major exceptions to this treatment are in cases of ingestion of corrosives, such 7) _____ lye, and certain hydrocarbons, such as kerosene.

In corrosive ingestions a small amount of milk may be 1) (gave, given), but vomiting should not be induced since the damage that may have already 2) (been, being) sustained by the mucous membranes of the esophagus and stomach 3) (mayed, may) advance to perforation; the patient should be seen by a physician as 4) (soon, sooner) as possible. Hydrocarbons are extremely volatile, and the dangers of their being aspirated into the lungs when vomiting is induced are greater than their toxicity if absorbed into the body. In gas or vapor poisoning the patient 5) (should be carried, shall carry) to a nonpolluted atmosphere; artificial respiration should be employed if necessary. If any poison has been absorbed through the skin, all contaminated garments should be removed immediately and the skin washed 6) (to, with) soap and water.

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From the Nature Friends

05.06.2005

Barbara McClintock

By Lester E. Showalter

Barbara McClintock was born in 1902; two years after the science of genetics began. 1) Throu_hout her 2) li_e she did much to make this new science 3) gr_w. To help explain how people pass traits to their children, Barbara 4) stud_ed how corn plants pass traits. Corn has ten chromosomes which 5) ca_ry genes that decide the corn's traits. As a college student in the 1920's, Barbara found ways to 6) ident_fy each corn find out which genes were on 7) ea_h one.

Later, she 1) _______ special corn that had waxy, purple kernels. The two traits were carried by the 2) _______ chromosome. She crossed this corn with a kind that had a 3) _______ninth chromosome. 4) _______ of the baby corn had kernels that were purple but not waxy, and some had kernels that were 5) _______ but not purple. In 6) _______, she found that their ninth chromosome had a new shape! The experiment helped prove that chromosomes trade parts to mix traits in new ways. This 7) _______ was hailed as a cornerstone of genetics.

Barbara later 1) (study, studied) what happens when chromosomes are broken by X rays. She 2) (find, found) that the damage done to chromosomes is sometimes controlled by other genes. She also discovered that 3) (these, this) genes can jump to other chromosomes and 4) (turn, to turn) them on and off. At first, her idea about jumping genes was too new for most scientists. They ignored it until the 1960's, when other scientists using different techniques 5) (will prove, proved) her observations to be right. Barbara received the 1983 Nobel Prize for medicine and physiology for discovering the mobility of genes. She went on 6) (researched, researching) genetics until her death in 1992.

Спеціальність: Екологія

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From the National Geographic

27.11.2003