Radiation Sickness

By Marlen Dought

Radiation Sickness is a 1) ha_mful effect produced on body tissues by 2) expos_re to radioactive substances. The biological action of radiation is not fully understood, but it is believed that a 3) dist_rbance in 4) _ellular activity results from the chemical changes 5) c_used by ionization. Some body tissues are more sensitive to radiation than others and are more easily 6) aff_cted; the cells in the blood-forming tissues (bone marrow, spleen, and 7) l_mph nodes) are extremely sensitive.

Radiation sickness may occur from exposure to a single massive emanation such as a 1) _______ explosion, or it may occur after repeated exposure to even very small doses in a plant or 2) _______, since radiation effects are cumulative. Moreover, 3) _______radiation in sufficient quantity is enough to cause tissue destruction; persons unduly exposed to sunlight, such as 4) _______ and sailors, have a far greater incidence of skin cancer than has the general population. Radiation sickness may be fairly mild and transitory, consisting of weakness, loss of 5) _______, vomiting, and diarrhea. A mild dose of radiation increases the tendency to bleed and reduces the body's defense 6) _______ infection. After a massive dose of radiation the reaction may be so severe that death quickly ensues. This is usually due to severe 7) _______or hemorrhage, to infection, or to dehydration.

Persons working with radioactive materials or X rays 1) (protect, protects) 2) (theirselves, themselves) from excessive exposure to radiation by shields and special clothing usually containing lead. Processes involving radioactive substances 3) (is observing, are observed) through thick plates of specially prepared glass that exclude the harmful 4) (raies, rays). A dosimeter, a device measuring the amount of radiation to which an individual 5) (have being exposed, has been exposed), is always 6) (wear, worn) by persons working in radioactive areas.

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From the Modern Medicine

14.07.2002

White Cells and Infection

By Marion Domingo

The other 1) t_pe of blood cells is white cells. White blood cells are cells in the blood that remove 2) d_ad cells and 3) m_crobes. White cells 3) lo_k very different from red cells and have different 4) j_bs. A study of white cells shows the following facts: they have 5) n_clei; they are larger than 6) r_d cells; there are 7) se_eral different kinds of white cells.

White cells have a shorter life span than 1) _______cells. White cells may live for only 2) _______ days. Some are made in the soft centers of 3) _______, while others are made in certain glands of the body. Unlike red cells, some white cells can move out of the 4) _______vessels into nearby body tissues. White cells 5) _______ like amoebae. They are one-celled protests that move by 6) _______ their shapes. White cells move in a similar way by constantly changing their 7) _______.

Looking through the microscope you 1) (cans, can) notice how a white cell 2) (surround, surrounds) and “eats” a _“bacterium”. A healthy person will usually have about 8000 white blood cells in a small drop 3) (with, of) blood. What would happen if there 4) (were, are) a large number of harmful bacteria in the body? If many bacteria 5) (is, are) present, the number of white cells can increase to about 20000 in each drop of blood. This increase may take only 6) (a little, a few) hours.

Спеціальність: Психологія

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From the New Yorker

06.05. 2008