Engines

By Richard Watson

The first engine was an ordinary 1) w_eel with blades fixed to it, and the 2) c_rrent of a river turned it. These first engines were used for 3) irr_gating fields. Then a wind-powered engine was 4) in_ented. Some of these one can still see in the country. Both of these, the water- and wind-operated engines are very 5) economi_al. They do not need 6) f_el in order to 7) f_nction. But they are dependant on the weather.

Many years passed and people invented a new 1) _______, operated by steam. In a steam engine, there is a 2) _______ and a boiler. The furnace is filled with wood or 3) _______ and then lit. The 4) _______ heats the water in the boiler and then it boils, it turns into steam which does some 5) _______ work. The steam engine drove all sorts of machines, for example, steam ships and steam 6) _______. However, the steam engine was too large and heavy, and needed too much 7) _______.

The imperfection of the steam engine 1) (led, lead) to the design of a new type. It was called the internal combustion engine, because 2) (it’s, its) fuel ignites and burns inside the engine itself and not in a furnace. It is 3) (smaller, the smallest) and lighter than a steam engine because it does not have a boiler. It is also more powerful, as uses better-quality fuel: petrol or kerosene. Eventually, a more powerful engine 4) (had invented, was invented) and it was given the name “Jet engine”. The 5) (gases, gas) in it reach the temperature of over a thousand degrees. It is made of a very resistant metal so that it 6) (cannot, will) not melt.

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From Industrial Engineer

24.12.08

What is Automation?

By Judith Ernston

Automation may be said to be a modern term 1) signif_ing the use of machines to do work that formerly had to be done by people. That used to be called automation. The 2) ma_hine that 3) automati_ally makes, inspects and 4) p_cks 1,200 cigarettes a 5) min_te can do nothing else. It is a 6) one-p_rpose 7) mach_ne as there are many of others.

But the 1) ______ computer seems to be versatile and can be 2) ______ as the brains for automating a wide variety of 3) ______ where figuring, remembering and making logical choices are required. The computer proves to be only a very high-speed adding and 4) ______ machine. It is unlikely to be the thinking 5) ______ as it is sometimes called. 6) ______ it does other than adding and subtracting is the result of 7) ______ ingenuity.

Mention should be 1) (make, made) that the design and development of automatic control systems is a principal concern of 2) (a, an) engineer. In recent years we know automatic control systems to be rapidly advancing in importance in all fields 3) (at, of) engineering. The applications of control system 4) (are, to be) known to cover a very wide scope, ranging from the design of precision control devices such as sensitive instrument to the design of the 5) (equipments, equipment) used for controlling the manufacture of steel or other industrial processes. New applications for arranging automatic controls are continually 6) (been, being) discovered.

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From Civil Engineering

07.04.2009