Unit 4 Training of Social Workers in the United States and United Kingdom

Grammar

Present Simple Active

Present Simple Active используется для обозначения:

1) регулярных, повторяющихся действий: Every day clinical psychologists help a wide range of people of all ages with all sorts of problems. Young people often respond to troubling circumstances with marked changes in behavior.

2) действий, не имеющих точной временной отнесенности, постоянных действий, «вечных истин»: Social workers maintain professional relationships with service users, acting as guides, advocates or critical friends. Psychologists apply scientifically validated procedures to help people change their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

Для формального выражения Present Simple Active используется первая форма глагола (неопределенная форма/инфинитив без частицы to). В третьем лице единственного числа (he/she/it) к первой форме добавляется окончание -s/-es:

I/you/we/they counsel ...

He/she/it counsels ...

Для выражения отрицательного значения используется вспомогательный глагол do в сочетании с отрицательной частицей not. В третьем лице единственного числа (he/she/it) к вспомогательному глаголу добавляется окончание s/-es:

I/you/we/they do not/don't counsel ...

He/she/it does not/doesn't counsel ...

Вопросительная форма предложения также конструируется при помощи вспомогательного глагола do/does, который занимает позицию перед подлежащим:

Do you/they provide...?

When do you provide ...?

Does he/she/it provide ...?

Where does he/she/it provide ...?

Лексическими маркерами времени Present Simple Active являются: always, often, frequently, sometimes, rarely, never, usually, every day/week/month, once/twice a week/month, etc.

Past Simple Active

Past Simple Active используется для сообщения о действиях и ситуациях, которые произошли в прошлом и констатации фактов (в том числе и исторических) прошлого: Psychodynamic therapy developed from Sigmund Freud. Yesterday I made an appointment with the psychologist. I entered the medical University last year. In 1874 Wilhelm Wundt published the first experimental psychology textbook «Principles of Physiological Psychology».

Past Simple Active применяется для выражения последовательных действий в прошлом: Yesterday I had a hectic day. First I reviewed five patients, then I counseled one patient with the symptoms of depression, and after that I made home visit to a disabled person.

Данное время используется также в вопросах, относящихся к прошлому, начинающихся с when/what time: When did you see the doctor last?

Формальным показателем времени Past Simple Active является окончание -ed, добавляемое к первой форме глагола (для правильных глаголов), либо вторая форма глагола (для неправильных глаголов): The sociologist Erving Goffman studied how people relate to each other across a wide range of situations. The patient had one issue causing him to use alcohol – that was family conflict.

Для выражения отрицательного значения применяется вспомогательный глагол did в сочетании с отрицательной частицей not. Смысловой глагол при этом используется в первой форме: I didn’t have a master’s degree, so I couldn’t work in a specialized field, such as child, family, and school social work.

Вопросительная форма также конструируется при помощи вспомогательного глагола did, который занимает позицию перед подлежащим: Did the patient develop any new marked symptoms of a depressive disorder? What experience did you gain in order to get into social work? What experience did you gain in order to get into social work?

Лексическими маркерами времени Past Simple Active являются: 5 days/two months/three years ago, last week/ month/year, yesterday, the day before yesterday, in 1990, etc.

Future Simple Active

Future Simple Active используется для сообщения о действиях и ситуациях, относящихся к будущему, решение о выполнении которых говорящий принимает в момент речи (не планируются заранее):

I am experiencing insomnia, lack of appetite, and feeling of hopelessness. Have you seen a doctor? – What doctor? – I’d advise you to seek help from a psychologist. – Thank you for your advice. I will see him one of these days.

Future Simple Active применяется также для выражения предложений, просьб, согласия, обещания или отказа выполнить какие-либо действия: This case looks difficult for you. I will help you. Will you help me with this patient? I hope the bachelor’s and/or master’s program will give me the basic skills that are necessary as a social worker. Often, it is the expectation of the worker that he or she will have the knowledge necessary to address any situation as it arises.

Данное время может использоваться в высказываниях, представляющих собой предсказание будущих событий: Medicine will be very different in a hundred years' time.

Формальными показателями времени Future Simple Active выступает вспомогательный глагол will (реже shall): You will need a degree in social work to become a social worker.

Отрицательное значение выражается путем добавления частицы not к вспомогательному глаголу: I'm sure he will not/won't follow my advice.

Вопросительные предложения конструируются путем постановки вспомогательного глагола в позицию перед подлежащим:

Лексическими маркерами времени Future Simple Active являются: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week/month/year, soon, one of these days, in 2021, etc.

Task 1. Answer the following questions. This exercise should be done quickly to test whether the student is able to distinguish correctly between the singular and the plural, and to answer accordingly:

A: /s/, for example treats

D: /z/, for example counsels

C: /iz/, for example changes

What does a teacher do? – He teaches. What do teachers do? – They teach.

1. What does a student do?

2. What do students do?

3. What does a typist do?

4. What do typists do?

5. What do writers do?

6. What does a writer do?

7. What do researchers do?

8. What does a researcher do?

9. What does a lecturer do?

10. What do lecturers do?

Task 2. Give a negative ending to the sentence according to the pattern. Use the word suggested:

Jim speaks English, … .(German) Jim speaks English, but he doesn’t speak German. I like doing the shopping, … (cooking). I like doing the shopping, but I don’t like cooking.

1. I write reports, essays, reviews, … . (books)

2. We perform laboratory works and some experiments, … . (any research work)

3. We have small tests at each class, … . (the concluding test).

4. She works with young patients, but … . (the elderly patients)

5. He has very good professional skills, but … . (communication skills)

6. She interests in clinical psychology, but … . (experimental psychology)

7. They have three lectures on Monday, but … . (any seminars)

8. He often experiences lack of appetite, but … . (thirst)

9. I work in the rehabilitation center, but … . (out-patient clinic)

10. I often feel tired after a busy day at work, but … . (exhausted)

Task 3. Form special questions. Begin your questions with question-words suggested:

I usually do my homework quickly. (How … ?) How do you usually do your homework?

1. We always do English homework on Monday. (On what days… ?)

2. We usually have two lectures on Tuesday. (How many … ?)

3. This web-site contains a great deal of psychology-related information for students and teachers. (What … ?)

4. Many social workers work with young people and their families. (Who …with?)

5. Experimental psychologists use a variety of different research methods and tools to investigate human behavior. (What … for?)

6. Clinical psychologists specialize in mental disorders and work with patients to assess, diagnose and treat these disorders. (What … in?)

7. At our annual conference we address the important causes of depressive disorders in patients. (Where …?)

8. People enter helping professions such as social work for many different reasons. (Why … ?)

9. Our hospice program coordinates medical, emotional, social, and spiritual services for people who are terminally ill. (What … ?)

10. Each institution which offers social work training programs has its own minimum entry requirements. (What requirements … ?)

11. Many of the social work jobs entail home visits. (What …?)

Task 4. Change the sentences into the Past Simple Tense, using the given suggestions. Be sure you know the principal forms of the irregular verbs:

A: /t/, for example placed

B: /d/, for example examined

C: /id/, for example wanted

Our teacher frequently collects our notebooks. (the day before yesterday) Our teacher collected our notebooks the day before yesterday.

1. I often get up early at the weekend. (last Sunday)

2. We often write tests in class. (yesterday)

3. She usually arrives at work at 7.20. (yesterday)

4. She usually conducts team training once a week. (last week)

5. As a social worker, you deal with difficult and unpleasant situations every day. (the day before yesterday)

6. I often encounter cases in social work practice related to prevention of alcohol dependence. (last Monday)

7. Every day I counsel patients who are in extremely distressing situations. (yesterday)

8. Social workers also address such issues as increasing access to suitable housing and medical care, providing aid to the homeless. (in the early 1900's)

9. I often administer cognitive-behavioural therapy to my patients. (last week)

10. We often deal with patients suffering from emotional disorders caused by the death of a family member. (the day before yesterday)

Task 5. Each sentence is the answer to a question. Make the question with the interrogative word suggested:

I learned English at school. (Where …?) Where did you learn English?

1. I spent my summer vacation at home. (Where … ?)

2. I read an interesting book yesterday. (What … ?)

3. It rained heavily during the night. (When … ?)

4. The book provided basic information about psychology. (What … ?)

5. In 1875 William James opened a psychology lab in the United States and used it for class demonstrations. (When … ?) (What … for?)

6. The psychologist had good credentials and all the necessary competencies. (What … ?)

7. Social work emerged as a profession early in the twentieth century. (When … ?)

8. Alice Salomon played an important role in the establishment of an international approach to the organization of social work education. (What … in?)

9. First I collected information to establish a problem solving model. (Why … ?)

10. When I arrived at work yesterday first I checked if there were any new admission to the hospital. (When … ?)

Task 6. Give short answers:

Does he always do his work well? (Yes)/(No) – Yes, he does./No, he doesn’t. b) Did you see this patient yesterday? (No)/(Yes) – No, I didn’t./Yes, I did.

1. Did you come to your class in time yesterday? (Yes)

2. Did you learn English last year? (Yes)

3. Do you go to the University by taxi? (No)

4. Do you attend medical encounters in hospitals every day? (No)

5. Do you get excellent marks every day? (No)

6. Does she go to the library every day? (Yes)

7. Do the medical school textbooks contain large amounts of information? (Yes)

8. Do psychologists address such issue as human behavior? (Yes)

9. Did we include only the specific information about this phenomenon? (No)

10. Do you meet with such cases every day? (Yes)

11. Did the drug begin acting immediately? (Yes)

12. Does the clinic have a staff of 56 people? (No)

13. Does each chapter end with a number of questions? (Yes)

Task 7. Extend the statements, using the Future Simple Tense according to the pattern:

I haven’t seen the doctor yet. I will see him tomorrow.

1. He hasn’t returned the manuscript yet. (one of these days)

2. I haven’t finished my homework yet. (in an hour)

3. I haven’t visited the conference yet. (next week)

4. He hasn’t received all the patients yet. (in two hours)

5. The teacher hasn’t handed us out our tests yet. (in a few minutes)

6. I haven’t switched on the light yet. (in a minute)

7. She hasn’t visited with a newly admitted resident yet. (in half an hour)

8. We haven’t finished the exercise yet. (in a few minutes)

9. I haven’t conducted an extensive social history assessment yet. (in a hour)

10. We haven’t made up our mind yet. (soon)

11. I haven’t worked out a care plan for this patient yet. (tomorrow)

Task 8. Choose the proper tense-form:

1. Over the course of the next few weeks, I … (to conduct) a thorough psychosocial assessment of this patient. 2. Medical social workers … (to graduate from) schools of social work with a master's degree. 3. The social worker … (to help) her reduce the feelings of isolation when her husband died. 4. Talking about the family's feelings and providing support for decisions made by the family … (to be) the most frequent activities provided by social workers. 5. When I performed my research I … (to examine) hospital records of 253 patients. 6. The role of a social worker … (to vary) depending on what type of setting you work in—hospitals, schools, and nursing homes. 7. I’m sure that many of these individuals … (to experience) a wide range of emotions during their adjustment process such as grief, anger, depression, fear or concern until they come to terms with their situation. 8. Prior to my current position, I … (to work) with mentally retarded adults in a hospital clinic. 9. Alice Salomon … (to be) a key figure in the development of social work in Europe in the first half of the twentieth century. 10. He … (to work) as a general nurse and then a teacher before qualifying as a social worker. 11. I always … (to enjoy) helping patients cope with their medical problems in a health care setting. 12. According to the National Institutes of Health, an estimated 22 percent of Americans aged 18 and older … (to need) help dealing with feelings and situations that … (to seem) beyond their control. 13. A survey performed by Consumer Reports in 1995 … (to show) that almost everyone who sought psychological help … (to experience) some relief that made them less troubled

Task 9. Answer the following questions:

1. When did you enter Volgograd medical university? 2. How much did your family encourage or help you to prepare for University? 3. Did you attend any preparatory courses? 4. What was your total score in biology, chemistry and Russian? 5. Which courses do you do in the first year? 6. What does clinical psychology study? 7. What do social workers do? 8. What motivates you about social work? 9. How long does it take you to do your homework? 10. What type of social work will you choose when you graduate from the University? 11. Will you do your English homework tomorrow? 12. Will you have any lectures tomorrow? 13. What degree will you receive upon graduation from the University? 14. Will you enter into a master’s degree program upon graduation? 15. What personal qualities and values does a social worker need to have?

Both … and, either … or, neither … nor, not only … but also

Task 10. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the conjunctions either… or; neither… nor; not only … but also:

1. You can collect your test results either on Friday evening or on Monday morning. 2. In school, social workers help students achieve their potential, both academically and personally. 3. Your condition is caused neither by smoking nor chronic stress. 4. Not only the lecturer, but also the students were pleased with the examination results. 5. Internship programs exist for both master’s and doctoral degrees. 6. Many clinical psychologists go into private practice, either solely or with a group of other psychologists.7. He considered the job not only interesting, but also quite rewarding. 8. She often sees clients who face either a life-threatening disease or a disability. 9. Medical and public health social workers advise both family and patients on how to deal with such conditions as Alzheimer's and AIDS. 10. Stresses affect not only all significant relationships in an individual’s life, but also the ability to cope with major losses and changes. 11. Some of social work practices specialize either in one type of disorder, or psychological framework. 12. Clinical psychologists neither prescribe nor apply medicines in their practice. 13. A clinical psychologist working for a children’s hospital will need in-depth knowledge of both neurodevelopmental disorders and psychopathologies related to childhood and adolescence.

Reading and Speech Practice

Task 11. Find some information on training of social workers in the USA and Great Britain. Discuss the following issues:

• degrees awarded

• duration of training

• qualification requirements

• professional personal qualities

• career options

Task 12. A. Find the Russian equivalents of the following English words using the Multitran online dictionary.

Advanced education; undergraduate degree; graduate student; to gain firsthand knowledge; salaried; National Health Service; at one’s own pace; continuing education; supervised; workshop; to take audited classes; to reach goals.

B. Try to predict the contexts in which these words might occur or the problems which may be related to them.

Key: Advanced education – продвинутый курс обучения; undergraduate degree – степень бакалавра, незаконченное высшее образование; graduate student – студент, закончивший бакалавриат; to gain firsthand knowledge – узнавать на собственном опыте; salaried – получающий заработную плату; National Health Service – Государственная служба здравоохранения в Великобритании; at one’s own pace – в удобном для кого-либо темпе; continuing education – повышение квалификации; supervised – курируемый, контролируемый; workshop – практический семинар (по обмену опытом), мастер-класс; to take audited classes – прослушать курс лекции, не сдавая экзаменов по завершении; to reach goals – достичь целей.

Task 13. Now read the text and say which paragraph speaks about:

A.

What are the Requirements to Become a Clinical Psychologist?

Becoming a clinical psychologist involves advanced education and practical experience. Clinical psychologist training requirements include the preparation necessary to teach courses at the university level, conduct research, and offer direct care to patients, making a degree in clinical psychology very versatile.

The training and licensing of clinical psychologists ranges from 4 year undergraduate degree plus a 4 to 6 year doctorate program. When considering educational options, a clinical psychologist needs to study for a Doctor of Psychology degree (PsyD) if their primary interest is working with patients in a clinical setting. The programs resulting in PsyD are mostly in private schools and have a greater focus on treatment.

A Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology degree best prepares the clinical psychologist to work in research and scientific settings. There are more students enrolled in PsyD programs overall so that both degrees are about 50/50 in terms of number of students.

Most educational institutions recommend that students start by majoring in psychology in college. However, other institutions accept graduate students with other academic majors. Most programs have internship requirements during which clinical psychology students gain firsthand knowledge of this field.

In the U.K., those training to be clinical psychologists have to complete a Doctorate in Clinical Psychology (D.Clin.Psych.), which is a practitioner doctorate with both clinical and research components. This is a three-year full-time salaried program sponsored by the National Health Service (NHS) and based in universities and the NHS.

Both traditional and online institutions offer courses to help students reach their goals. With the increasing demand for and acceptance of distance learning institutions, there are dozens of accredited universities with excellent online clinical psychology programs. Online courses of study allow working professionals to complete their studies at their own pace and offer considerable flexibility in clinical psychology training. Online continuing education credits or individual classes also allow those with degrees in clinical psychology to enhance their education with further study in specialized areas.

In the U.S., Canada and the U.K the practice of clinical psychology requires a license. Although every state is somewhat different in terms of requirements and licenses, there are three common elements—a degree from an approved educational program, a minimum amount of supervised clinical experience, and passing an examination. Most states also require a certain number of continuing education credits per year in order to renew a license, which can be obtained through various means, such as taking audited classes and attending workshops.

Task 14. Correct the following statements to make them true to the text.

1. Advanced education is not required to become a clinical psychologist. 2. A Doctorate in Psychology takes from 2 to 3 years to complete. 3. The practice of clinical psychology in the UK does not require a license. 4. Online courses of study require working professionals should complete their studies at the same time. 5. The programs resulting in PsyD have a greater focus on research. 6. A Doctorate in Clinical Psychology is a four-year part-time salaried program sponsored by the National Health Service. 7. The licensing requirements are similar in the USA, Canada, and the UK. 8. Clinical psychologist training requirements do not include the preparation necessary to conduct research in psychology. 9. The demand for distance learning institutions is decreasing. 10. No institutions accept graduate students with other academic majors than psychology.

Task 15. Find the English words or expressions that are used in the text to give the following meaning in Russian.

1. специализироваться по какому-либо предмету/в изучении какого-либо предмета______________________________________________________ 2. дистанционное обучение_______________________________________ 3. поступать____________________________________________________ 4. сдать экзамен_________________________________________________ 5. растущий спрос_______________________________________________ 6. оказывать помощь, предоставлять лечение________________________ 7. закончить докторантуру________________________________________ 8. получать знания_______________________________________________ 9. совершенствовать______________________________________________ 10. зачетная единица______________________________________________ 11. очный_______________________________________________________

Key: 1. to major in; 2. distance learning; 3. to enroll; 4. to pass an exam; 5. increasing demand; 6. to offer care; 7. to complete a Doctorate; 8. to gain knowledge; 9. to enhance; 10. credit; 11. full-time.

Task 16. Match the equivalents.

1. options	A. to demand
2. a clinical setting	B. education
3. to conduct research	C. opportunities
4. overall	D. to provide courses
5. number	E. a health care establishment
6. to accept	F. in general
7. to offer courses	G. to gain
8. training	H. amount
9. to require	I. to carry out a study
10. to obtain	J. to admit

Key: 1C; 2E; 3I; 4F; 5H; 6J; 7D; 8B; 9A; 10G.

Task 17. Underline the correct word to make sentences true to the text.

1. common	A. part-time
2. to renew a license	B. disapproved
3. to attend	C. different
4. approved	D. to miss
5. to allow	E. to start
6. full-time	F. to forbid
7. to complete	G. to suspend

Key: 1C; 2G; 3D; 4B; 5F; 6A; 7E.

Task 18. Read the information below about the competences which an American/British clinical psychologist has to develop. Describe them using the patterns:

A competent clinical psychologist must be able to show/to demonstrate…

A competent Social Worker must develop skills in/ability/capacity … .