Unit 10 Domains of Clinical Psychology Passive Voice: Simple Tenses

Конструкции в страдательном залоге используются в тех случаях, когда агент действия неизвестен, либо информация о нем не важна в ситуации, о которой идет речь. Подлежащее предложения в страдательном залоге обычно называет объект, на который направлено действие. Сравните два предложения в действительном и страдательном залогах, описывающих одну и ту же ситуацию:

Wilhelm Wundt (подлежащее, агент действия) published the first experimental psychology textbook «Principles of Physiological Psychology» in 1874 (дополнение) – действительный залог. The first experimental psychology textbook «Principles of Physiological Psychology» was published by Wilhelm Wundt (агент действия) in 1874. – страдательный залог.

Для построения предложения в страдательном залоге во временах группы Simple Passive используется глагол to be в соответствующей временной форме + Participle II. Рассмотрим следующие примеры:

Present Simple Active: Social workers keep careful records of all discussions and interactions with the client.

Present Simple Passive: Careful records of all discussions and interactions with the client are kept by social workers.

Past Simple Active: In the early 1900's, the social work movement in America created many programs and services that we largely take for granted today.

Past Simple Passive: In the early 1900's, many programs and services that we largely take for granted today were created by the social work movement in America.

Future Simple Active: In the future they will place a greater emphasis on adult social work.

Future Simple Passive: In the future a greater emphasis will be placed on adult social work.

Task 1. Change the sentences into Present Simple Passive:

People speak English all over the world. English is spoken all over the world.

1) One praises a student when he works hard. 2) They make progress every day in the world of science. 3) The organism creates antibodies to kill bacteria. 4) They treat these patients with a new drug. 5) They offer a lot of various services in this rehabilitation center. 6) Schools employ social workers to lessen a great number of problems children have to face with. 7) Social workers identify the student’s strengths and weaknesses using the information obtained through observation of children. 8) Social workers often provide direct counseling to a child. 9) Social workers often refer clients to specialists in services such as debt counseling, childcare or elder care, or alcohol or drug rehabilitation. 10) In hospitals and psychiatric hospitals social workers provide or arrange a range of support services. 11) Social workers offer counseling to those receiving therapy for addictive or physical disorders in rehabilitation facilities. 12) School social workers diagnose students’ problems and arrange needed services. 13) School social workers advise teachers on how to cope with problem students. 14) Social workers usually spend most of time in an office or residential facility.

Task 2. Answer the questions, using a passive construction. Follow the given example:

Where is English spoken? (all over the world) It is spoken all over the world.

1) When are exams usually taken? (at the end of each term) 2) Where are experiments typically performed? (in the laboratory) 3) Where is the information typically stored? (in the computer) 4) When are medicines usually prescribed? (after examination of the patient and making a diagnosis) 5) When are exams re-sitted? (when you fail an exam) 6) When are laboratory analyses typically administered? (when the diagnosis must be confirmed) 7) Where are operations performed? (in the operating-room) 8) Where are clients typically counseled by social workers? (in their offices) 9) Where are social workers usually employed? (in departments of health and human services, mental health, social services, child welfare, housing, education, and corrections) 10) What degree courses are offered to social workers? (a bachelor’s in social work degree, a master’s degree and a doctorate in social work for college and university teaching positions ) 11) When are clients referred to other health professionals? (when clients have some related problems such as childcare or elder care, alcohol or drug rehabilitation concerns) 12) When are corrections introduced into the treatment plan? (when treatment interventions are not quite effective)

Task 3. Put the sentences into Past Simple Passive:

The social worker counseled a few clients yesterday. A few clients were counseled yesterday by the social worker.

1) I left my textbook at home. 2) Somebody left the light on all night. 3) They examined the patient on admission. 4) They formerly used mail for communication. 5) The professor delivered an interesting lecture. 6) We revised all the rules and words before the test. 7) The social worker analyzed the changes in the client’s condition. 8) The psychologist started treatment promptly after the initial assessment of the client. 9) They offer cognitive-behavioral therapy as the topic for the seminar. 10) The psychologist used cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to help the client to change the way that he thought, felt and behaved. 11) They developed motivational interviewing (MI), a directive, client-centred counseling style, for drinkers. 12) The social worker supported him and his family during his hospitalization dna treatment.

Task 4. Ask questions for further information as in the example:

The article was published. (When, where, who) When was the article published? Where was the article published? Who was the article published by?

1) The client was counseled by the psychologist. (When, who) 2) The problem was solved. (Who, when, how) 3) The idea was suggested. (Who, when) 4) The client was involved in the treatment planning process. (When, why, how) 5) The clinical psychologist was found. (Who, when, how) 6) The notes were checked. (Who, when, why) 7) This suggestion was thought over. (Who, when, why) 8) Everything for the conference was arranged. (Who, when) 9) The drug administration was suspended. (Why, who, when) 10) This client’s findings were recorded in his case history. (Who, when) 11) His lecture was reinforced with slide presentation. (What, why, how) 12) The protocols were signed. (Who, when, how) 13) The psychologist was primarily concerned with the boy’s academic problems. (What, who) 14) The medication was taken by the patient twice daily. (How often, who)

Task 5. Put the sentences into Future Simple Passive according to the given pattern.

I will look after the children well. The children will be looked after well.

1) We’ll make the atmosphere comfortable for you. 2) With the help of computers doctors will treat patients a lot more accurately. 3) Computers will soon replace paper-based medical records. 4) The school will employ a social worker to help students adjust to the school environment. 5) They will reduce the number of dropouts from school with the help of the social worker. 6) The social worker will interview teachers and other school faculty members to learn more about the child problems. 7) Children's Social Care will make enquiries about the child’s family with other agencies such as school, nursery, GP and Police Services. 8) The social worker will ask the child about his relationships with the parents. 9) The child will see a doctor tomorrow. 10) The social worker, police officer or your family doctor will probably refer your child to a pediatrician. 11) The doctor will conduct a full examination of the child, including his physical, sexual, emotional harm or neglect.

Task 6. Answer the questions in Future Simple Passive, using the given suggestions:

When will the lecture in computer science be delivered? (on Friday) - It will be delivered on Friday.

1. When will the mail be sent? (tomorrow evening) 2. Where will the patient be taken to? (to the ward) 3. Where will the analyses be taken to? (to the laboratory) 4. Where will the confidential information about patients be stored? (in the computer) 5. When will our tests be marked? (tomorrow) 6. When will the reports be presented? (on Wednesday) 7. Where will the report be made? (at the conference) 8. When will the operation be undertaken? (next week) 9. When will the test be finished? (in half an hour) 10. When will they hold a series of consultation events on the future of social work with adults? (next month) 11. When will the social worker contact him to arrange a visit? (one of these days) 12. When will the social worker evaluate the performance of this child at school? (tomorrow)

Task 7. Choose the active or passive structure:

1. A demand for school social workers … (will occur/will be occurred) to respond to rising student enrollment. 2. Younger children … (are examined/examine) only with a parent’s permission, unless they need emergency treatment. 3. You … (will ask/will be asked) for permission to talk to your child alone by the social workers. 4. Sometimes young people want to speak to a social worker before contact … (is made/makes) with the parent. 5. Child protective social workers … (investigate/are investigated) reports of abuse and neglect and …(are intervened/intervene) if necessary. 6. School Social Work Service … (was evolved/evolved) from the Visiting Teacher Program which originated in New York in the 1920's. 7. Most school social workers … (are held/hold) a Master of Social Work degree and have specialized training in helping students within the context of local schools. 8. Social workers … (are used/use) direct counseling and referral techniques to consider solutions to problems. 9. The social worker … (called in/was called in) to evaluate an excessively aggressive teenager. 10. The child … (recommended/was recommended) a change in the school setting. 11. The information which … (is shared/shares) with school social workers … (holds/is held) in the strictest confidence 12. In 1927, the Visiting Teachers Association of Michigan … (designated/was designated) the first social worker to enter schools and provide services to delinquent boys. 13. You … (will interview/will be interviewed) for a position in social work. 14. Currently, the following school concerns … (are addressed/address) by School Social Work Service: violence, sexual abuse/assault, rape, suicide, early intervention and prevention, parent education, drop-out prevention, homelessness, substance abuse, autism, and other social/emotional problems that interfere with learning.

Task 8. Choose with or by:

1. He was treated for depression … (by/with) antidepressant pharmacotherapy. 2. This family was last visited … (by/with) the social worker last week. 3. John, a 6-year old, was referred … (by/with) the social worker for an interdisciplinary team evaluation due to developmental and behavioral concerns. 4. The confidentiality law was violated … (by/with) the counselor when he spoke about the client’s HIV positive status to the client’s family without his consent. 5. Screening for an alcohol or drug problem among people with anxiety disorders is accomplished (by/with) one or more of the screening tools. 6. The information was disclosed … (by/with) the client himself.7. The client learnt to reduce any mental or physical tension … (by/with) banning clock watching and releasing muscle tension. 8. The undergraduate social work program is accredited … (by/with) the Commission on Accreditation of the Council on Social Work Education to educate generalist social work practitioners. 9. Concentration on the client’s strengths which are necessary for coping with depression is achieved (by/with) discussion of the client's strengths and weaknesses with the psychologist. 10. The social worker was able to evaluate an excessively aggressive boy … (by/with) direct counseling. 11. An application form was sent … (by/with) e-mail. 12. Useful experience in social work is obtained through work placements offered … (by/with) many organizations.

Domains of Clinical Psychology

Specialists in clinical psychology focus their careers on working with a particular age group or diagnosis, with a specific population, in a select setting, or with emphasis on a type of therapeutic modality, or stage of intervention. Some combination of these parameters can also be chosen to create unique and valued specialities.

Communication, thought and reasoning processes, expression and experience of emotion, physical responses to stressors, social relations, perception and experience of one’s environment, and even the types of psychopathology manifested differ across the life span. Three specialities that are recognized within the field are clinical child and adolescent psychology, pediatric psychology, and clinical geropsychology.

The focus of the speciality in clinical child and adolescent psychology is on the scientific, training, practice, and professional aspects of furthering knowledge, welfare, and mental health of children, youth, and families. The major problems of clinical child and adolescent psychology include “Parenting and Families”, “Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in School Settings”, “Child and School Related Disorders”, “Child Maltreatment and Violence, and “Child and Adolescent Anxiety”.

Scientists and professionals practicing pediatric psychology focus on health care of children, adolescents, and their families. Pediatric psychologists work to address such issues as coping with chronic illnesses, behavioral change for prevention or maintenance of child or adolescent weight gain/loss, preparation for surgical or medical procedures, psychological development of children who have chronic or acute medical illnesses, traumas, or physical disabilities.

Geropsychology focuses on mental health of older adults and psychological service delivery for them. The psychological care of older adults coinciding with normative or age-expected life events often requires greater attention to medically related problems, medication use and compliance, medication or substance abuse, differential diagnoses (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease versus Depression), neuropsychological phenomena, systemic issues (e.g., nursing and assisted home care, family involvement; insurance), and death and dying issues.

Specialities by Disorder. Many practitioners and researchers specialize their practices by focusing on populations of individuals who have their psychological disorders or intervention needs in common. Some psychologists primarily treat individuals with mood disorders, whereas others predominantly work with patients who have personality disorders. Psychologists may specialize in substance abuse, sexual dysfunctions, developmental disabilities, or neuropsychological disorders.

Clinical Health Psychology. Clinical psychologists whose distinct focus is on physical health problems and the maintenance of physical health specialize in clinical health psychology. This field aims to apply scientific knowledge to the promotion and maintenance of health; the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of illness and disability; and the improvement of health care system. Clinical health psychologists may help with any of the following problems: behavioral and psychological risk factors for disease, illness, or injury; somatic presentations of psychological disorders; and behavioral and psychological aspects of medical procedures such as surgery, chemotherapy, and dental work in need of attention because of the way psychological phenomena are thought to impact physical health, or vice versa.

Clinical Neuropsychology. Clinical neuropsychology focuses on the scientific study of brain-behavior relationships, and the clinical application of that knowledge to human problems. Clinical neuropsychologists emphasize problems of management, retraining, and rehabilitation. Patients who suffer from strokes, degenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, Huntungton’s chorea), traumatic brain injury, or neurological problems secondary to other medical problems or treatment (e.g., chemotherapy) are typical clients of the clinical neuropsychologist.

Task 9. Study the following words and word combinations. Say what you know about these concepts:

Therapeutic modality – лечебное/терапевтическое воздействие; somatic presentations – соматические проявления; management – ведение, коррекция (заболевания); stroke – апоплексический удар; health promotion – укрепление здоровья; sexual abuse – развратные действия, сексуальное насилие; sexual dysfunction – сексуальное расстройство; developmental disorder – нарушение развития; compliance – комплаентность, соблюдение режима лечения; nursing and assisted home care – уход в домах для престарелых и на дому; child maltreatment – плохое/жестокое обращение с детьми; setting – учреждение (здравоохранения); reasoning – мышление, рассуждение; to further knowledge – способствовать получению знаний; physical disability – физическая недееспособность.

Task 10. Match the English phrases with their Russian equivalents:

1. to recognize	A. черепно-мозговая травма
2. to manifest psychopathology	B. участие семьи
3. welfare	C. специалист-практик
4. anxiety	D. выделять, различать
5. to cope with	E. вмешательство
6. to coincide with	F. тревожность
7. family involvement	G. проявлять признаки психопатологии
8. practitioner	H. справляться с
9. intervention	I. благосостояние
10.traumatic brain injury	J. совпадать с

Key: 1D; 2G; 3I; 4F; 5H; 6J; 7B; 8С; 9E; 10A;

Task 11. Match the words with a similar meaning

1. to impact	A. to deal with
2. to focus on	B. to stress
3. to address	C. adherence
4. to require	D. to concentrate on
5. to apply	E. child abuse
6. presentation	F. symptoms
7. to emphasize	G. health saving
8. maltreatment	H. therapy
9. treatment	I. to influence
10. compliance	J. to need
11. maintenance of health	K. to use
12. presentations	L. symptom

Key: 1I; 2D; 3A; 4J; 5K; 6L; 7B; 8E; 9H; 10C; 11G; 12F.

Task 12. Match the opposites

1. valued	A. chronic
2. to differ	B. primary
3. weight gain	C. physical disability
4. acute	D. researcher
5. secondary	E. respect
6. violence	F. calmness
7. physical health	G. insignificant
8. anxiety	H. to be alike
9. practitioner	J. weight loss.

Key: 1G; 2H; 3J; 4A; 5B; 6E; 7C; 8F: 9D.

Task 13. Pay attention to the adequate translation of the followings English sentence:

This field aims to apply scientific knowledge to the promotion and maintenance of health – Целью данной области является применение знаний для укрепления и поддержания здоровья.

Clinical neuropsychology focuses on the scientific study of brain-behavior relationships – Внимание клинических нейропсихологов сосредоточено на научном изучении отношения между состоянием мозга и поведением.

This article describes the major domains of clinical psychology – В статье описываются основные области клинической психологии.

Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:

1. The paper listed the most important clinical presentations of this disorder. 2. The book analyzed the period from 1980 to 2000. 3. The report compared two groups of patients. 4. The poster described new ways of diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease. 5. The advertisement informed of the services rendered by this clinic. 6. The study emphasized the need for new communication strategies. 7. The review criticized the new approach to treating patients with epilepsy. 8. The abstract outlined the main problems of the article. 9. The presentation identified the major problems in the field of neuropsychology. 10. His report addressed a number of pressing issues.

Task 14. A. Complete the sentences describing Say what problems clinical psychologists working in different domains deal with.

Child and adolescent clinical psychologists focus on…

Geriatric clinical psychologists work to address such issues as…

Clinical health psychologists focus on…

Neuropsychologists specialize in…

B. Ask your partner questions about the responsibilities of different types of clinical psychologists:

Do child and adolescent clinical psychologists focus on…

Do geriatric clinical psychologists work to address such an issue as…

Do clinical health psychologists focus on…

Do neuropsychologists specialize in…

Task 15. Study the following patterns:

Psychological phenomena are thought to impact physical health.(Считается, что психологические явления оказывают влияния на психическое здоровье).

The patient is reported to have recovered. (Сообщается, что пациент выздоровел).

Use the verbs in brackets to reformulate the sentences below according to the pattern:

1. Clinical neuropsychologists emphasize problems of management, retraining, and rehabilitation (to report). 2. This pediatric psychologist helps to cope with chronic illnesses (to say). 3. The promotion and maintenance of health; the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of illness and disability are most important for clinical health psychologists (to believe). 4. Patients who suffer from strokes, degenerative diseases traumatic brain injury, or neurological problems are typical clients of the clinical neuropsychologist (to suppose). 5. The psychological care of older adults often requires greater attention to medically related problems (to believe). 6. He suffered from a rare mental disorder (to report). 7. Group therapy improved her state of mind (to say). 8. The client is non adherent to the treatment (to report). 9. A healthy lifestyle is essential for health promotion (to consider). 10. Communicative skills are indispensable for clinical psychologists (to think).

Task 16. Match the followings problems with the domain they belong to.

Describe responsibilities of different types of clinical psychologists using the verbs and phrases: to specialize in, to work to address; to deal with; to handle.

Geropsychology	Developmental disorders
Neropsychology	Medication abuse
Clinical health psychology	School related disorders
Child psychology	Disability
Adolescent psychology	Traumatic brain injury

Task 17. Fill in the prepositions if necessary.

1. Which field aims to apply scientific knowledge … the promotion and maintenance of health? 2. Clinical psychologists focus their careers … working … a particular age group or diagnosis. 3. The clinical psychologists had to analyze the patient’s physical response … different stressors. 4. Both pediatric and geriatric psychologists work to address … such issues as coping … chronic illnesses, preparation … surgical or medical procedures. 5. The psychologist did not pay attention … the behavioral changes exhibited by the patients. 6. Some psychologists specialize their practices … focusing …populations of individuals who have their psychological disorders or intervention needs … common. 7. He has treated individuals … mood disorders … many years. 8. What problems does this psychologist can help you …? 9. What diseases did the patient suffer …?

Key: 1. to; 2. on, with; 3. to; 4. -; with, for; 5. to; 6. by, on; 7. with, for; 8. with; 9. from.

Task 20. Translate the following sentences.

1. Сколько специальностей выделяют в рамках клинической психологии? 2. Какие основные проблемы включают клиническая детская и подростковая психология? 3. Какая область клинической психологии занимается проблемой жесткого обращения с детьми и насилия по отношению к детям? 4. Одной из проблем, которой занимаются детские клинические психологи, является проблема прибавления/снижения веса у подростков. 5. Какая область психологии занимается психическим здоровьем пожилых клиентов и оказанием услуг по психологической помощи им? 6. Почему психологическая помощь пожилым клиентам требует большего внимания к проблемам, связанным с медициной? 7. Основное внимание геропсихологов сконцентрировано на проблемах приверженности к лечению и злоупотреблению медикаментами. 8. В какой области психологии вы собираетесь специализироваться? 9. Психологу пришлось провести тщательный анализ соматических проявлений психического расстройства клиента. 9. Считается, что психические явления влияют на физическое здоровье. 10. Каким проблемам уделяют особое внимание (акцентируют) нейропсихологи?

Key: 1. How many specialities are recognized within clinical psychology? 2. Which major problems does clinical child and adolescent psychology include? 3. Which field of clinical psychology focuses on the problems of children maltreatment and violence? 4. One of the problems pediatric psychologists work to address is the problem of adolescent weight gain/loss. 5. Which field of pyshoclohy focuces on mental health of older clients and psychological service delivery for them? 6. Why does the psychological care of older adults require greater attention to medically related problems? 7. The main focus of geropsychologists is on the problems of compliance and substance abuse. 8. In what field of psychology are you going to specialize in? 9. The psychologists had to carefully analyze the somatic presentations of the patient’s psychological disorder. 9. Psychological phenomena are thought to impact physical health. 10. Which problems do clinical neuropsychologists emphasize?

Task 21. Use the ideas from the text to create an advertisement for psychology clinic. In the ad, describe the services of the types of clinical psychologists that work at your clinic. You should include at least four types of psychologists such as clinical child and adolescent psychology, pediatric psychology, clinical geropsychology, and neuropsychology. When creating your ad, keep in mind the types of problems that people might want to bring to the clinic.