Unit 9 Description of Clinical Psychology

Grammar

Modal Verbs

MUST

Present	Past	Future
must	---	---
Has/have to	Had to	Will have to
am/is/are to	was/were to	---

Значение	Примеры
Обязательство, необходимость (obligation, necessity)	It is 9 o’clock. We are to start right now. I must go to this lecture. It is delivered by my favourite lecturer.
Приказ, неотложная просьба (command, urgent request)	You must stop smoking or you’ll die. You must stay in bed as you have got a fever.
Запрет (prohibition)	You mustn’t speak to a patient in Latin. He will be embarrassed and worried.
Предположение с высокой степенью вероятности (supposition implying high probability)	Look at her. She must be suffering.

Task 1. Re-word the sentences according to the pattern. Remember that there is no particle to after the modal verb must:

It is necessary for me to leave now. I must leave now.

1. It is necessary for me to counsel a social worker.

2. It is necessary for us to be in time for the classes.

3. It is necessary for a social worker to be well organized and keep careful records.

4. It is necessary for the social worker to provide support to the client in a difficult situation.

5. It is necessary for students to work hard and study well.

6. It is necessary for the social worker to make the initial assessment of the client.

7. It is necessary for her to follow the prescribed treatment.

8. It is necessary for the client to feel comfortable and safe to be willing to share his/her thoughts with the psychologist.

9. It is necessary for a prospective social worker to be interested in improving people’s lives.

10) It is necessary for children to avoid drug use.

11) It is necessary for the monitor to inform the students about the latest news.

Task 2. Change the sentences with the words probably, presumably to sentences with the verb must expressing probability:

She is presumably very tired after such a long journey. She must be very tired after such a long journey.

1. You are probably ready for the test.

2. That is probably the best rehabilitation center in this neighborhood.

3. The client is probably quite satisfied with the treatment results.

4. Your friend is presumably over 20.

5. Your passport is presumably at home.

6. My colleague is presumably a Korean.

7. This work is probably very challenging.

8. The work of a social worker is presumably very rewarding.

9. Social work is presumably an exciting career area that is highly related to psychology.

10. Social work presumably include a wide range of issues, including psychological, financial, health, relationship, and substance abuse problems.

Task 3. Answer the following questions according to the pattern. Use the words suggested:

Do we have to read this material for today? (No/for tomorrow) – No, we have to read it for tomorrow.

1. Do they perform a laboratory work now? (No/from 1 to 3)

2. Does the patient have to take this medicine once a day? (No/three times a day)

3. Does she have to take her children to school every day? (No/only four times a week)

4. Do you have to write a grammar test today? (No/tomorrow)

5. Do we have to come here at 8.30? (No/at 10)

6. Do they have to start the experiment now? (No/in a couple of days)

7. Do I have to read it out? (No/read it to yourself)

8. Do all the students have to present their reports at the same day? (No/only those whose names are on the list)

9. Do we have to wear a white gown all the time? (No/only during the doctor’s working hours)

10) Do I have to present my findings right now? (No/tomorrow)

Task 4. Express the obligation to do the following actions in the future. Use the words suggested:

I needn’t to do it now. (tomorrow) But I’ll have to do it tomorrow.

1. He needn’t go home now. (in an hour)

2. I needn’t return the book this week. (next week)

3. You needn’t switch on the light now. (in an hour when it gets dark)

4. We needn’t wear our white coats now. (in half an hour when we enter the laboratory)

5. He needn’t see the tutor at 2 o’clock. (at 4)

6. I needn’t go to work today. It’s my day-off. (tomorrow)

7. You needn’t speak about it now. (later)

8. You needn’t check the information right now. (a bit later)

9. She needn’t operate this equipment now. (tomorrow)

10. We needn’t write any tests today. (next week)

NOTE!

1. В отличие от must, выражающего обязательность или необходимость выполнения действия по собственному желанию, have to используется для выражения необходимости, являющейся результатом сложившихся обстоятельств:

- I have to get up early every morning because I live far from my work and it takes me about an hour to get there.

2. В отрицательном предложении mustn’t имеет значительно большую степень запрещения, чем don’t have to.

- You don’t have to hurry. There is plenty of time.

- You mustn’t hurry. It is dangerous for our life.

3. Глагол to be to имеет особые оттенки значения – обязательность выполнения действия в силу договоренности, плана и как неизбежность (что-то предстоит сделать, суждено):

- He was to come at 7 but he didn’t come at all.

- She dreamed of becoming a physician but evidently it wasn’t to be.

4. Вопрос с have to может быть построен двумя способами:

- Have/has ... got to?

- Do/does ... have to?

Оба варианта равнозначны, но первый вариант более свойственен American English.

Task 5. Give short negative answers followed by statements in which the words suggested are to be used:

Did you have to return the book to the library yesterday? (the day before yesterday) – No, I didn’t. I had to return it to the library the day before yesterday.

1. Did she explain have to explain her absence to the teacher? (to the Dean)

2. Did they have to arrive an hour ago? (two hours ago)

3. Did the social worker have to speak to all the members of the client’s family? (only his parents)

4. Did the social worker have to assess in the child academic, social, and emotional issues? (only emotional issues)

5. Did you have to go to the psychologist last week? (a fortnight ago)

6. Did he have to help all patient groups? (only groups who are affected by acute, chronic, and terminal illnesses)

7. Did you have to arrange everything for the meeting yourself? (my assistant/help)

8. Did the social worker have to record all the information about the client? (only the relevant one)

9. Did you have to learn this theoretical material for today? (for yesterday)

10) Did the social worker have to visit the child in foster care yesterday? (the day before yesterday)

NOTE!

Глаголы don't have to, don't need to, needn’t to близки своему значению. Они выражают отсутствие обязательности действия, вызванной внешними обстоятельствами или авторитетным мнением.

- The session starts at 10.30, so I don't have to leave home until ten.

- You don’t need to make a home visit to this client as the client will come to your office at 11 a.m.

Но если необходимо сказать, что какое-то действие необязательно было совершать, но его всё же выполнили, используется needn’t + Perfect Infinitive.

- You needn’t have spoken to him in such a rude manner.