Reading and Speech Practice

Task 13. Read the name of the text below.

A. Find the Russian equivalents of the following English words using the Multitran online dictionary. Try to explain their meaning in your own words.

Social maturity, alcoholism and drug abuse, appreciation, value, commitment, whim, diversity.

B. Try to predict the contexts in which these words might occur or the problems which may be related to them.

C. Write the questions that might be answered in it.

Task 14. Read the text. Which of the questions you wrote were answered in the text?

Social Maturity

(1) Social maturity has to do with how well people understand the nature of the social world they live within. Social maturity is what enables us to function as healthy adults. Without it, we end up having a difficult time ourselves, or causing a lot of difficult times for other people. A high degree of social maturity has something to do with a high degree of social skill, but these two things are not the same.

(2) Children are by definition, socially immature, and nobody wants them to stay that way as they grow into adults. Social immaturity in adults is both a societal problem and also a personal problem for affected individuals, their families, and their employers. Social immaturity either plays an important role in maintaining multiple mental disorders. Social immaturity is also quite frequently associated with long term alcoholism and/or drug abuse.

(3) Children pass through predictable developmental stages in which their minds develop in complexity and appreciation (ability to accurately understand) of reality. Piaget proposed four basic stages through which the development of thinking abilities must pass. He labeled these stages: "Sensorimotor", "Pre-Operational", "Concrete-Operations" and "Formal-Operations". These stages always occur in this particular order, and are for the most part linked to particular ages of life. The sensorimotor stage covers between 0 and 2 years, pre-operations covers between 2 and 5 years, concrete-operations between 6 and 10 years, and formal operations covering age 11 and beyond.

(4) The first Sensorimotor stage is so-named because babies who are in this stage are basically preoccupied with the task of learning how to operate their bodies and interpret their senses. At around age two, babies' minds first become really capable of understanding that other people and objects exist that are separate from themselves. Before this time, babies are thinking that everything is them. Babies at this second stage are aware that they are separate than those things around them, but they still don't really get how all these different things interrelate. Young children between 2-5 years (pre-operations) can be taught to count and to do simple adding and subtracting sorts of operations, but the vast majority of those kids are simply memorizing these operations – they don't "get" or understand how those operations actually work. Between ages 6-10, kids enter the Concrete Operations stage. Simple addition and subtraction are concrete operations, because it is easy to imagine some number of things, and then to take away a few of those things. At the formal operations stage you become capable of adding and subtracting new types of things that you have never seen and which maybe don't even exist.

(5) Social maturity develops in successive layers progressing from the most simple understanding to more and more complex understandings of the social world. There are several stages of social maturity. At the first stage (incorporative stage) the sense of self is not developed at this point in time. The baby is embedded in its sensory experience and has no other awareness.

(6) At some point it occurs to the baby that it has reflexes that it can use and senses that it can experience. The sense of self emerges from the knowledge that there are things in the world that aren't self (like reflexes and senses). This second period of social appreciation development is called Impulsive, to suggest that the child is now embedded in impulses – which are those things that coordinate reflexes.

(7) At the Imperial stage the child as "little dictator" is born. The child is now aware that it has needs (rather than is needs), it also starts to become aware that it can consciously manipulate things to get its needs satisfied.

(8) The Interpersonal period that follows next starts with the first moment when the child comes to understand that there are actually other people out there in the world whose needs need to be taken into account alongside their own.

(9) As the child's sense of self continues to develop, the child acquires values, or commitments to ideas and beliefs and principles which are larger and more permanent than its own passing whims and fears. (Institutional period). Further, children (or adults) who achieve this level of social maturity understand the need for laws and for ethical codes that work to govern everyone's behavior.

(10) The next evolution of self understanding (Interindividual stage) occurs when the child (by now probably an adult) starts to realize that there is a diversity of ways that someone might act in accordance with a coherent value system (though not necessarily one's own value system).

Task 15. Use the information from this text to match the name of a stage and its description.

Stage 1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2)	A. At this stage of cognitive development the child begins to solve more complex problems. This provides the ability to ‘decentrate’. It means that the child becomes less egocentric and is more capable of seeing the viewpoint of others. The child still needs practical objects in order to solve problems. A question such as Joan is taller than Susan; Joan is smaller than Mary; Susan is smaller than Mary; who is the smallest? Will pose difficulties for the child at this stage of cognitive development unless there is access to a pen and paper to solve the problem.
Stage 2. Preoperational stage (2-7)	B. This stage marks the beginning of abstract thinking. Problems can be tested in the mind and more complex ideas can be formed.
Stage 3. Concrete operations (7-11)	C. The child experiences the world through intermediate perceptions. The phrase ‘out of sight, out of mind’ applies. The thinking is dominated by the ‘here and now’.
Stage 4. Formal operations (11+)	D. As the child’s linguistic ability improves it is capable of ‘symbolic thought’. This means that the child can use words to refer to people and objects. This more developed thought is limited by ‘egocentrism’ and ‘centration’. Egocentrism means that the child is unable to see the world from any other point of view but their own understanding of it. Centration means seeing one feature but ignoring the wider reality.

Task 16. Use the information from the text to complete the spidergram. One item has already been filled in for you.

Task 17. Find the English words or expressions that are used in the text to give the following meaning in Russian.

1. Чувственный опыт______________________________________________ 2. Моральный кодекс_______________________________________________ 3. Система ценностей_______________________________________________ 4. Развитие социального сознания_____________________________________ 5. Иметь отношение к чему-либо_____________________________________ 6. Быть способным/уметь делать что-либо______________________________ 7. Позволять делать что-либо________________________________________ 8. Запоминать______________________________________________________ 9. Влиять/воздействовать_____________________________________________ 10. Мыслительные способности______________________________________ 11.Истолковывать, интерпретировать__________________________________ 12. Быть взаимосвязанным___________________________________________ 13.Удовлетворять потребности_____________________________________ 14.Регулировать поведение________________________________________ 15.Осознавать______________________________________________________

Task 18. Match the words and phrases with similar meanings.

1. to satisfy sth	A. to fancy
2. to develop	B. to suggest
3. to imagine	C. to meet sth
4. experience	D. to progress
5. appreciation	E. to be related to
6. to be linked to	F. to allow
7. to propose	G. to be busy with
8. to enable	H. to feel
9. to be preoccupied with	I. awareness

Task 19. Underline the correct word to make sentences true to the text. In one sentence both words may suit.

1. Immature people act in accordance with/contrary to an accepted value system. 2. Gradually the child comes to understand other people’s needs need to be taken into account/ignored. 3. The child can consciously/unconsciously manipulate things to have its needs satisfied at the Imperial stage. 4. The sense of self disappears/emerges when the child develops reflexes and senses. 5. Social maturity develops successively/inconsistently progressing to more and more simple/complex understandings of the social world. 6. Most 2-5 year-children memorize/understand the operations of adding and subtracting. 7. Social maturity/immaturity is also frequently associated with conduct or mental disorders. 8. At the concrete/formal operations stage children are capable of adding and subtracting even non-existing objects. 9. Social immaturity in adults is a societal/personal problem for affected individuals

Task 20. Fill in the correct verb from the list to make phrases from the text.

to pass, to play, to do, to take, to grow, to satisfy, to achieve, to govern, to acquire.

1._______________________________________________into adults

2. ______________________________simple adding and subtracting operations

3.__________________________________social maturity

4. __________________________________a role

5.__________________________________through a stage

6. ________________________________one’s behavior

7. _____________________________________values

8.______________________________________into account

9. ____________________________________needs

Task 21. Pick out all the words and word-combinations from the text whose meaning is понять, осознать что-либо. Fill the gaps with appropriate words.

1. I don't really … how he could persuade her to help him. 2. She … not … how bad her father’s condition was. 3. By the age of 5 children … … of other people’s wishes. 4. The parents were glad that she finally … … that she should consider other people’s feelings. 5. Only a few years later he … … how badly he treated his parents. 6. He was wrong but he didn’t … his mistake.

Task 22. Study the ways the word awareness can be translated: осведомленность, информированность, сознание, осознание, знание, просвещение.

a) Choose the best translation for each of the phrases below:

Environmental awareness → 1) осведомленность в проблемах окружающей среды; 2) осознание важности экологических проблем; 3) экологическая грамотность; 4) экологическое сознание.

Self-awareness → 1) самосознание; 2) самоосмысление; 3) поглощенность собой.

Public awareness – 1) осведомленность общественности; 2) внимание общественности.

Disease awareness – 1) осведомленность о заболевании; 2) знание о клинических проявлениях заболевания.

Ethnic awareness – 1) знание об этнической принадлежности; 2) этническое сознание.

Civic awareness - 1) гражданское сознание; 2) информированность о правах и обязанностях гражданина.

Social awareness – 1) социальная осведомленность; 2) социальное сознание; 3) социальное осознание.

Brand awareness – 1) осведомленность о торговой марке; 2) известность бренда; 3) репутация бренда; 4) узнаваемость бренда.

Political awareness – 1) политическая осведомленность; 2) политическое сознание; 3) информированность относительно политических вопросов.

Cultural awareness – 1) осознание культурной принадлежности; 2) культурное сознание; 3) культурное восприятие.

Legal awareness - 1) правосознание; 2) осведомленность в юридических вопросах.

Spiritual awareness - 1) религиозное сознание; 2) осознание духовных идеалов.

b) Provide a description using the pattern:

A politically aware person is a person interested in and knowing about current political events.

A culturally aware person is a person …

An ecologically aware person is a person …

A spiritually aware person is a person …

A legally aware person is a person …

A socially aware person is a person …

An ethnically aware person is a person …

An environmentally aware person is a person …

Task 23. A. Read the text below and find answers to the following questions:

1. How many dimensions does socialization have? 2. What are the three dimensions of socialization? 3. Why social rules are difficult to learn?

Socialization

Learning the rules of behaviour in which you are born and grow up is called socialization. To live with other people, a child has to learn what is considered acceptable and unacceptable behaviour. This is not easy as it sounds. Some social rules are clear and inflexible. Other social rules leave room for individual decisions, so that sometimes there seems to be a gray area between right and wrong. Some rules change from situation to situation. Some apply to certain categories of people. For example, some rules for boys in our society are different from the rules for girls.

Learning what the rules are – and when to apply or bend them – is, however, only one dimension of socialization. Every society has ideas about what is meaningful, valuable, worth striving for, and beautiful. Every society classifies people according to their family, sex, age, skills, personality characteristics, and other criteria. Every culture has notions about what makes individuals behave as they do. In absorbing these notions, a child acquires an identity as an individual member of a society, a member of different social categories, and a member of a family. Acquiring these identities is the second dimension of socialization.

Finally, socialization involves learning to live with other people and yourself. Anyone who has seen the shock of a 2-year-old’s face when another child his age takes a toy he wants, knows how painful it can be to discover that other people have rights and that you have limitations.

B. Read the statements below and say if they are true or false. Correct the false statements.

1. Socialization involves the way children learn to relate to other people.

2. Socialization means opposing oneself to one’s social environment.

3. Socialization means learning the rules of behavior of the culture within which an individual is born and will live.

4. Socialization means social identification.

5. Socialization means social rivalry.

6. Socialization involves acquiring social values.

7. Socialization means rejecting social norms.

Task 24. Fill in the prepositions.

1. All citizens must act … accordance … their country’s laws. 2. He stressed the need … a new approach to this problem. 3. He has a commitment to pay 100 pounds … charities every year. 4. You can’t get along with your peers unless you take … account their wishes and feelings. 5. It occurred … me that I dialed the wrong number. 6. The idea became embedded … his mind. 7. … what age were you capable … adding and subtracting? 8. The students’ thoughts are naturally preoccupied … their forthcoming exams. 9. How many stages does the development of thinking ability pass …? 10. The development of different thinking abilities is linked … particular ages of life. 11. Social immaturity plays an important role … maintaining a number … mental disorders. 12. What symptoms is this disease associated … ? 13. Social work has nothing to do … charities. 14. As he grew, his essays developed … complexity and sophistication.

Task 25. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.

1. Каким образом Пиаже обозначил стадии развития ребенка, которые он предложил? 2. Одной из главных задач развития ребенка в первые годы жизни – научиться управлять своим телом. 3. Этот учебник охватывает основные проблемы грамматики английского языка. 4. В прошлом году он стал совершеннолетним (come of age) и решил, что ему пора жить отдельно от родителей. 5. Он мог считать до 10, когда ему было 3 года. 6. Все ее мысли были заняты подготовкой к выступлению на конференции. 7. Для того чтобы выучить иностранный язык, студентам приходится запоминать множество слов и грамматических правил. 8. Культурное сознание развивается последовательно от освоения простых до освоения сложных культурных ценностей. 9. На каком этапе у ребенка возникает чувство самосознания? 10. Эта странная идея прочно засела у него в голове. 11. В первые месяцы жизни ребенок погружен в свои собственные чувственные переживания. 12. Как только ребенок осознает свои потребности, он начинает сознательно совершать манипуляции с различными предметами. 13. В настоящее время законы и этические кодексы управляют поведением человека. 14. Наконец он понял (до него дошло), что у него больше не было друзей. 15. Чьи интересы ей придется принимать во внимание в первую очередь? 16. Социальная зрелость означает, что человек может действовать в соответствии с последовательной системой ценностей.

Task 25. Answer the following questions. Give reasons.

1. Are you committed to any political ideas? 2. What ethical principles are you committed to? 3. Do you know any scientists who suffered for their commitment to certain scientific principles? 4. What does social maturity have to do with? 5. Are you a socially mature or immature person? 6. What problems can socially immature people cause? 7. What developmental stages do children pass through? 8. What age period does the 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th stage cover? 9. What social problems is social immaturity associated with? 10. What behaviour is a good student associated with? 11. What tasks are babies preoccupied with at the first stage? 12. Can you interpret complicated rules of English grammar in your own words? 13. What other spheres is social work/psychology linked to? 14. Do you live separately from your parents? 15. Are you capable of reading English books in the original? 16. What helps you to memorize English words? 17. What things did you imagine when you were a child? 18. Can you imagine what will happen in 30 years’ time? 19. How does human understanding develop? 20. At what developmental stage does the child acquire values and commitments to ideas and beliefs? 21. What governs human behaviour in modern societies? 22. What factors will you take into account when choosing a job? 23. What stage of social maturity are you at now? 23. What person would you call socially mature?

Task 26. Use the spidergram from task 15 to speak about social maturity.

Task 27. Use the information from this unit and find additional information on Internet to prepare a presentation on the following problems:

• Other classifications and theories of developmental stages

• Development of social and antisocial behavior in children

• Self-awareness

• Ethical code of social work

UNIT 7

Personality Development

Grammar

Tenses. Revision

Task 1. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense-forms: Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Simple.

1. Doctors, nurses and other caregivers … (to provide) medical support, but it … (to be) the responsibility of the social worker to provide the emotional support during what can be a stressful time. 2. I ... (to follow) a strict bed regimen now. 3. The symptoms … (to be) present in this patient for years and they became worse after his wife had a serious automobile accident. 4. The social worker's role … (to be) a varied and complex one, but in all cases, he or she … (to play) a vital part in maximizing wellness during the hospital stay and in easing the transition back home. 5. Helen is a 35 year old and for the past 6 months she … (to have) increasing anxiety and occasional panic attacks. 6. So far I ... not (to obtain) an accurate picture of the causes of her condition. 7. Please ... (to check) our calculations thoroughly. 8. Consultation with the patient’s mother revealed that Elsie … (to experience) difficulty swallowing during the previous two weeks. 9. At present we ... (to plan) a new research. 10. The latest articles of this author ... (to differ) greatly from his previous works. 11. Now the patient ... (to undergo) an individual psychotherapy. 12. His mother states that her son’s grades … (to decline) significantly during the past 2 years. 13. At present Brie … (to attend) college while living with her parents.14. Jack is a fourth grader from middle-class family, and he … (to have) difficulty with arithmetic since kindergarten.

Task 2. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense-forms: Past Continuous, Past Simple, Past Perfect.

1. On her first visit to the mental health clinic, Erica … (to cry) and … (to talk) about her failing memory. 2. Further history reveals that Arnie's memory problems … (to begin) about 2 years ago. 3. About three weeks later she ... (to note) general malaise, weakness and loss of appetite. 4. The instructor ... (to give) the students a list of essay topics when somebody ... (to open) the door. 5. A.L., a 20 year old male, … (to present) to the emergency room of a hospital accompanied by his family. 6. While we ... (to prepare) for the experiment, we ... (to have) potential problems with the experimental design. 7. The data presented in Chapter 3 ... (to show) that the mean age of the subjects ... (to be) 35 years. 8. We ... ( to choose) a specific approach to our research and ... (to interview) the study participants personally. 9. Before they ... (to draw) a conclusion, they ... (to investigate) the problem thoroughly. 10. The risks of this method ... (to outweigh) its advantages. 11. The researcher ... (to find) some discrepancy between two experiments. 12. When he … (to present) to the emergency room, he … (to be) sweaty, his eyes … (to be) dilated, and his hands … (to tremble) badly.

Task 3. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense-forms: Future Continuous, Future Simple, Future Perfect.

1. By the end of the week the social worker ... (to finish) a report for legal action. 2. You ... (to need) to visit the social worker to tell him about what you are concerned with. 3. Laura … (to need) to sign several releases of information so counselors and other treatment providers can contact one other. 4. The doctor ... (to see) patients at this time tomorrow. 5. I hope that early intervention … (to help) prevent deterioration in my mother’s mental health. 6. The pain ... (to subside) after the injection of morphine. 7. There ... (to be) some discussion here on Friday. 8. At this time tomorrow I … (to consult) the family doctor. 9. First, it … (to be) good to discuss with the client her fears.

Task 4. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1. На данный момент я уже опросила клиента и членов его семьи и выработала стратегию лечения. 2. В ходе исследования мы установили, почему происходят подобные изменения в настроении. 3. Мы уже рассмотрели преимущества и недостатки различных методов оценки психического состояния клиента. 4. Психолог назначил первый сеанс психотерапии завтра на 10 часов. 5. Как только доктор поставил диагноз, он составил план лечения. 6. Завтра в это время мой сеанс групповой терапии для наркозависимых уже закончится. 7. Социальный работник уже выявил все возможные источники домашнего насилия в этой семье. 8. Он был на кокаине несколько лет, прежде чем смог обратиться с этой проблемой в реабилитационный центр для наркозависимых за помощью. 9. Вы когда-либо работали с клиентами другой расовой принадлежности? 10. Лекция уже завершится к 5 часам. 11. Она чувствовала сильное раздражение, так как провела бессонную ночь. 12. Вам когда-либо кто-либо угрожал? 13. Вы когда-либо испытывали чувство одиночества?