1) A social worker and a client who is poor;

2) a social worker and a 5-year old physically abused son of drinking parents;

3) a social worker and a 12-year old child who skips school;

4) a social worker and a person who seriously suffered in an accident;

5) a social worker and a bereaved mother with children;

6) a social worker and a person who lost a job;

7) a social worker and an abandoned spouse;

8) a social worker and an elderly retired person.

Task 18. Use this New Free Association Technique to interpret your latest dreams.

• Write out your entire dream.

• Only Select the section or paragraph that is most emotionally charged if your dream is extraordinarily long. Otherwise you should work with the dream in full as sections you may have left out may be meaningful.

• List every word of that paragraph on the left side of the page. You may group words that are common phrases. For example:

Instead of writing "Stepped on my toes" as individual words, you can leave the phrase as a group or single line and interpret it as the phrase. Sometimes you may want to do it both ways to see the difference. Write your association - whatever pops into your mind - on the right of each word.

• Rewrite the dream using only the associations.

Don't force associations; if an idea doesn't come readily, skip over it and return to it when you’ve finished the list.

Choose one field of clinical psychology and detail the education, skills required, and qualities needed for a job that field.

Unit 17 Clinical Psychology in Russia

4. Psychology around the world

Struggling to build a practice Russian psychology fights to bring psychotherapy to a needy but wary public.

By JENNIFER DAW

Monitor Staff

June 2002, Vol 33, No. 6

Before 1991, clinical psychology as we know it in the West didn't exist in Russia. Psychologists primarily conducted research or testing, and the field was merely considered "supplementary to psychiatry," according to Russian psychologist Alexander Maknach, PhD.

Now director of the Moscow Center for Psychology and Psychotherapy and a fellow of the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Maknach says the clinical practice of psychology has emerged in the last decade and is making slow but steady progress addressing the nation's needs.

"Psychology is a very necessary profession," says Maknach, who says life has been bleak for many Russians since the breakup of the Soviet Union.

Areas that demand psychologists' intervention include:

• Divorce. The divorce rate in Russia is similar to that of the United States--about one in two marriages will end in divorce. But, say psychologists there, many divorced couples in Russia continue to live together because there is no other place to live; it's too expensive.

• Alcoholism and drug addiction. Drinking is a major part of the culture in Russia, and alcoholism a major problem. Since 1990, alcohol consumption among males has doubled. Alcoholics Anonymous programs are available, but there is nothing similar to Western inpatient treatment for alcoholism.

• Unemployment and poverty. In 1999, just under half the population of Russia lived below the poverty line.

• Gangs and school dropouts. Forced to deal with poverty and little chance of finding decent jobs, many youngsters in Russia choose gang life over education.

Getting an education

Perhaps spurred by societal issues and a desire to help, more Russians are seeking clinical or practical psychological training. "Ten years ago, there was no department or university where we could even get training in psychotherapy," Maknach remembers. "Now we have several opportunities for training in Moscow and St. Petersburg."

Although psychology programs are still largely research-focused and located only in Russia's big cities, such as Moscow or Leningrad, says Maknach, that's a major improvement from the mere six psychology departments that existed in the entire Soviet Union before 1991. And now institutes can offer degrees in psychology, in addition to universities. But, according to Robert Solso, PhD, who taught at Moscow State University in 1980 as a Fulbright Scholar and has lectured there in recent years, there are some "fly-by-night" programs due to the lack of accreditation.

While the signs are good for the growth of psychological practice, one of the major obstacles is a lack of teaching resources. "There are not enough trained professionals who can teach psychology, so sometimes it is horrible," says Maknach.

"And there is little literature available," notes Janice Strength, PhD, a psychologist at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, Calif., who has been instrumental in establishing a graduate psychology program in Moscow.

When Strength first began visiting Russia in 1991, only Freud and a small portion of Jung's work had been translated into Russian, she says.

"Many authors commonly read in the West are still not available in Russian," she adds. "Most psychologists in Russia have read everything in the language. There's a finite amount of information available."

And then there's the "brain drain" problem, says Michael Cole, PhD, of University of California, San Diego, and editor of theJournal of Russian and Eastern European Psychology from 1969 until 2000. In the last five years, the Institute of Psychology has had to cut salaries by 40 percent. "Many professors will take on second jobs," says Solso. "One professor--a full professor and head of a laboratory--is working three jobs." Academically, there's been a sea change. Students were paid to go to school in the past; now many have to pay. So, some students and faculty leave the country to study or teach.

A wary public

Another problem for Russian psychology is the lack of licensing laws. "There is no regulation from the state," says Maknach. "Anyone can call him- or herself a psychologist."

"There are people hanging out a shingle claiming to be psychologists and they're really hurting people," adds Strength. Maknach compares these people to "magicians or tarot card readers." And to add insult to injury, according to Maknach, sometimes those kinds of services are more acceptable to people, even well-educated citizens, and they are more ready to seek this kind of help.

"Sometimes in the minds of the people, there is not much difference between them and psychologists," he says, adding, though, that in more urban areas the situation is not quite as dire.

"The whole discipline really hasn't come into its own," explains Strength. Few Russians seek psychological counseling. Many who lived in the shadow of the Iron Curtain remember "psychology" being used in nightmarish ways, such as forcing people to take psychotropic medications to change their political views. "Some people are afraid they'll be prescribed medications and they won't like it, or they'll be sent to a hospital and the records of their visit will jeopardize their future," says Maknach.

And for legitimate problems, there aren't enough medications. Strength tells a story of a Russian friend whose sister has bipolar disorder: "They picked her up off the streets and put her in a psychiatric hospital and gave her medications until she stabilized. But then they took her off the medications."

When people do seek psychological help, they try to find a place where it's affordable.

"The fee for psychological services is very high and people must pay for themselves," explains Maknach. There are no third-party payers--prior to 1991, medical help was basically free.

Although the situation for psychologists in Russia is far from ideal, things are getting better. More programs to train students and to help citizens are being developed. Women's shelters and domestic violence hotlines are being founded, for example. Foreign psychologists are stepping in to help facilitate training as well as social healing. According to Solso, the U.S. government and private organizations fund many opportunities for American psychologists to teach in Russia or for Russian psychologists to train in the United States. And, he says, there's a lot we can learn from Russian psychologists.

Task Fill in the gaps in the text using the words or phrases from the list below:

Specialise; therapist; professional bodies; providing; counselor; professions; extensive training;

What is the difference between a clinical psychologist and a therapist or a counsellor?

Clinical psychologists have _____1_____ in assessing a range of psychological difficulties and determining the most appropriate form of help, as well as being trained in _____2_____ more than one type of therapy.

Therapists and counsellors, on the other hand, usually ____3______ in providing one particular type of _____4_______, like psychodynamic psychotherapy, or counselling, or cognitive behaviour therapy. If you know what form of therapy would be most likely to help your problem, you might go directly to see a ____5____ or a _____6______.

Therapists and counsellors are not yet legally regulated ______7______, but many therapists and counselors voluntarily register with one of the major ________8____.

Key: 1.extensive training; 2. providing; 3. specialize; 4. therapy; 5. therapist; 6. counselor; 7. professions; 8. professional bodies.

SECTION II Информативное чтение

Text 1 THE AGING PROCESS

(1) As we age, our bodies change in many ways that affect the function of both individual cells and organ systems. These changes occur little by little and progress inevitably over time. However, the rate of this progression can be very different from person to person.

The aging process depends on a combination of both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors seem to be more powerful than environmental factors in determining the large differences among people in aging and lifespan. There are even some specific genetic disorders that speed up the aging process, such as Hutchinson-Gilford, Werner’s, and Down syndromes. However, many environmental conditions, such as the quality of health care that you receive, have a substantial effect on aging. A healthy lifestyle is an especially important factor in healthy aging and longevity. These environmental factors can significantly extend lifespan.

(2) Aging causes functional changes in cells. For example, the rate at which cells multiply tends to slow down as we age. Certain cells that are important for our immune system to work properly (called T-cell lymphocytes) also decrease with age. In addition, age causes changes in our responses to environmental stresses or exposures, such as ultraviolet light, heat, not enough oxygen, poor nutrition, and toxins (poisons) among others.

(3) Our bodies normally change in appearance as we age. We all lose height as we age. Generally, our height increases until our late forties and then decreases about two inches by age 80. There are also weight changes and changes in body composition. In men, body weight generally increases until their mid-fifties; then it decreases, with weight being lost faster in their late sixties and seventies. In women, body weight increases until the late sixties and then decreases at a rate slower than that of men. The proportion of the body that is made up of fat doubles between age 25 and age 75. Exercise programs may prevent or reverse much of the proportional decrease in muscle mass and increase in total body fat.

(4) Normal aging in the absence of disease is a remarkably benign process. In other words, our body can remain healthy as we age. Although our organs may gradually lose some function, we may not even notice these changes except during periods of great exertion or stress.

(5) Aging and disease are related in subtle and complex ways. Several conditions that were once thought to be part of normal aging have now been shown to be due to disease processes that can be influenced by lifestyle. For example, heart and blood vessel diseases are more common in people who eat a lot of meat and fat. Similarly, cataract formation in the eye largely depends on the amount of exposure to direct sunlight.

(6) It is important to remember that the ability to learn and adjust continues throughout life and is strongly influenced by interests, activities, and motivation. With years of rich experience and reflection, we can rise above our own circumstances. Old age, despite the physical limitations, can be a time of variety, creativity, and fulfillment

Упражнение 1. Дополните вводное предложение аннотации таким образом, чтобы оно выражало содержание текста в обобщенном виде.

В данном тексте рассматривается…

1) роль плохого питания в процессе старения;

2) роль генетических факторов в процессе старения;

3) влияние различных факторов на процесс старения;

4) в тексте нет информации об этом.

Упражнение 2. В соответствии с содержанием текста выберите ответы на вопросы: