- •VOLUME 2
- •CONTRIBUTOR LIST
- •PREFACE
- •LIST OF ARTICLES
- •ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
- •CONVERSION FACTORS AND UNIT SYMBOLS
- •CARBON.
- •CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION.
- •CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT.
- •CARDIAC OUTPUT, FICK TECHNIQUE FOR
- •CARDIAC OUTPUT, INDICATOR DILUTION MEASUREMENT OF
- •CARDIAC PACEMAKER.
- •CARDIAC OUTPUT, THERMODILUTION MEASUREMENT OF
- •CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS.
- •CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
- •CARTILAGE AND MENISCUS, PROPERTIES OF
- •CATARACT EXTRACTION.
- •CELL COUNTER, BLOOD
- •CELLULAR IMAGING
- •CEREBROSPINAL FLUID.
- •CHEMICAL ANALYZERS.
- •CHEMICAL SHIFT IMAGING.
- •CHROMATOGRAPHY
- •CO2 ELECTRODES
- •COBALT-60 UNITS FOR RADIOTHERAPY
- •COCHLEAR PROSTHESES
- •CODES AND REGULATIONS: MEDICAL DEVICES
- •CODES AND REGULATIONS: RADIATION
- •COGNITIVE REHABILITATION.
- •COLORIMETRY
- •COMPUTERS IN CARDIOGRAPHY.
- •COLPOSCOPY
- •COMMUNICATION AIDS FOR THE BLIND.
- •COMMUNICATION DEVICES
- •COMMUNICATION DISORDERS, COMPUTER APPLICATIONS FOR
- •COMPOSITES, RESIN-BASED.
- •COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY.
- •COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- •COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCREENING
- •COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SIMULATOR
- •COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION
- •COMPUTER-ASSISTED DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS
- •COMPUTERS IN CARDIOGRAPHY.
- •COMPUTERS IN THE BIOMEDICAL LABORATORY
- •COMPUTERS IN MEDICAL EDUCATION.
- •COMPUTERS IN MEDICAL RECORDS.
- •COMPUTERS IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE.
- •CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY.
- •CONFORMAL RADIOTHERAPY.
- •CONTACT LENSES
- •CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE
- •CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES
- •CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY AND GUIDEWIRE DIAGNOSTICS
- •CRYOSURGERY
- •CRYOTHERAPY.
- •CT SCAN.
- •CUTANEOUS BLOOD FLOW, DOPPLER MEASUREMENT OF
- •CYSTIC FIBROSIS SWEAT TEST
- •CYTOLOGY, AUTOMATED
- •DECAY, RADIOACTIVE.
- •DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS, TREATMENT.
- •DEFIBRILLATORS
- •DENTISTRY, BIOMATERIALS FOR.
- •DIATHERMY, SURGICAL.
- •DIFFERENTIAL COUNTS, AUTOMATED
- •DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMERS.
- •DIGITAL ANGIOGRAPHY
- •DIVING PHYSIOLOGY.
- •DNA SEQUENCING
- •DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.
- •DOPPLER ULTRASOUND.
- •DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY.
- •DOSIMETRY, RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL.
- •DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
- •DRUG INFUSION SYSTEMS
PREFACE
This six-volume work is an alphabetically organized compilation of almost 300 articles that describe critical aspects of medical devices and instrumentation.
It is comprehensive. The articles emphasize the contributions of engineering, physics, and computers to each of the general areas of anesthesiology, biomaterials, burns, cardiology, clinical chemistry, clinical engineering, communicative disorders, computers in medicine, critical care medicine, dermatology, dentistry, ear, nose, and throat, emergency medicine, endocrinology, gastroenterology, genetics, geriatrics, gynecology, hematology, heptology, internal medicine, medical physics, microbiology, nephrology, neurology, nutrition, obstetrics, oncology, ophthalmology, orthopedics, pain, pediatrics, peripheral vascular disease, pharmacology, physical therapy, psychiatry, pulmonary medicine, radiology, rehabilitation, surgery, tissue engineering, transducers, and urology.
The discipline is defined through the synthesis of the core knowledge from all the fields encompassed by the application of engineering, physics, and computers to problems in medicine. The articles focus not only on what is now useful but also on what is likely to be useful in future medical applications.
These volumes answer the question, ‘‘What are the branches of medicine and how does technology assist each of them?’’ rather than ‘‘What are the branches of technology and how could each be used in medicine?’’ To keep this work to a manageable length, the practice of medicine that is unassisted by devices, such as the use of drugs to treat disease, has been excluded.
The articles are accessible to the user; each benefits from brevity of condensation instead of what could easily have been a book-length work. The articles are designed not for peers, but rather for workers from related fields who wish to take a first look at what is important in the subject.
The articles are readable. They do not presume a detailed background in the subject, but are designed for any person with a scientific background and an interest in technology. Rather than attempting to teach the basics of physiology or Ohm’s law, the articles build on such basic concepts to show how the worlds of life science and physical science meld to produce improved systems. While the ideal reader might be a person with a Master’s degree in biomedical engineering or medical physics or an M.D. with a physical science undergraduate degree, much of the material will be of value to others with an interest in this growing field. High school students and hospital patients can skip over more technical areas and still gain much from the descriptive presentations.
The Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation is excellent for browsing and searching for those new divergent associations that may advance work in a peripheral field. While it can be used as a reference for facts, the articles are long enough that they can serve as an educational instrument and provide genuine understanding of a subject.
One can use this work just as one would use a dictionary, since the articles are arranged alphabetically by topic. Cross references assist the reader looking for subjects listed under slightly different names. The index at the end leads the reader to all articles containing pertinent information on any subject. Listed on pages xxi to xxx are all the abbreviations and acronyms used in the Encyclopedia. Because of the increasing use of SI units in all branches of science, these units are provided throughout the Encyclopedia articles as well as on pages xxxi to xxxv in the section on conversion factors and unit symbols.
I owe a great debt to the many people who have contributed to the creation of this work. At John Wiley & Sons, Encyclopedia Editor George Telecki provided the idea and guiding influence to launch the project. Sean Pidgeon was Editorial Director of the project. Assistant Editors Roseann Zappia, Sarah Harrington, and Surlan Murrell handled the myriad details of communication between publisher, editor, authors, and reviewers and stimulated authors and reviewers to meet necessary deadlines.
My own background has been in the electrical aspects of biomedical engineering. I was delighted to have the assistance of the editorial board to develop a comprehensive encyclopedia. David J. Beebe suggested cellular topics such as microfluidics. Jerry M. Calkins assisted in defining the chemically related subjects, such as anesthesiology. Michael R. Neuman suggested subjects related to sensors, such as in his own work—neonatology. Joon B. Park has written extensively on biomaterials and suggested related subjects. Edward S. Sternick provided many suggestions from medical physics. The Editorial Board was instrumental both in defining the list of subjects and in suggesting authors.
This second edition brings the field up to date. It is available on the web at http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley. com/emdi, where articles can be searched simultaneously to provide rapid and comprehensive information on all aspects of medical devices and instrumentation.
JOHN G. WEBSTER
University of Wisconsin, Madison
xv
LIST OF ARTICLES
ALLOYS, SHAPE MEMORY AMBULATORY MONITORING ANALYTICAL METHODS, AUTOMATED ANESTHESIA MACHINES ANESTHESIA, COMPUTERS IN ANGER CAMERA
ANORECTAL MANOMETRY ARRHYTHMIA ANALYSIS, AUTOMATED ARTERIES, ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF AUDIOMETRY
BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF MATERIALS BIOELECTRODES
BIOFEEDBACK BIOHEAT TRANSFER
BIOIMPEDANCE IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE BIOINFORMATICS
BIOMAGNETISM BIOMATERIALS, ABSORBABLE BIOMATERIALS: AN OVERVIEW BIOMATERIALS: BIOCERAMICS BIOMATERIALS: CARBON
BIOMATERIALS, CORROSION AND WEAR OF BIOMATERIALS FOR DENTISTRY BIOMATERIALS: POLYMERS BIOMATERIALS, SURFACE PROPERTIES OF
BIOMATERIALS, TESTING AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF
BIOMATERIALS: TISSUE ENGINEERING AND SCAFFOLDS
BIOMECHANICS OF EXERCISE FITNESS BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION BIOSURFACE ENGINEERING BIOTELEMETRY
BLADDER DYSFUNCTION, NEUROSTIMULATION OF
BLIND AND VISUALLY IMPAIRED, ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR
BLOOD COLLECTION AND PROCESSING BLOOD GAS MEASUREMENTS
BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
BLOOD PRESSURE, AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF BLOOD RHEOLOGY
BLOOD, ARTIFICIAL
BONE AND TEETH, PROPERTIES OF BONE CEMENT, ACRYLIC
BONE DENSITY MEASUREMENT
BONE UNUNITED FRACTURE AND SPINAL FUSION, ELECTRICAL TREATMENT OF
BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY BRACHYTHERAPY, HIGH DOSAGE RATE BRACHYTHERAPY, INTRAVASCULAR CAPACITIVE MICROSENSORS FOR BIOMEDICAL
APPLICATIONS
CARDIAC OUTPUT, FICK TECHNIQUE FOR CARDIAC OUTPUT, INDICATOR DILUTION
MEASUREMENT OF
CARDIAC OUTPUT, THERMODILUTION MEASUREMENT OF
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION CARTILAGE AND MENISCUS, PROPERTIES OF CELL COUNTERS, BLOOD
CELLULAR IMAGING
CHROMATOGRAPHY CO2 ELECTRODES
COBALT 60 UNITS FOR RADIOTHERAPY COCHLEAR PROSTHESES
CODES AND REGULATIONS: MEDICAL DEVICES CODES AND REGULATIONS: RADIATION COLORIMETRY
COLPOSCOPY COMMUNICATION DEVICES
COMMUNICATIVE DISORDERS, COMPUTER APPLICATIONS FOR
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCREENING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SIMULATORS COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, SINGLE PHOTON
EMISSION
COMPUTER-ASSISTED DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS COMPUTERS IN THE BIOMEDICAL LABORATORY CONTACT LENSES
CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES
CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY AND GUIDEWIRE DIAGNOSTICS
CRYOSURGERY
CUTANEOUS BLOOD FLOW, DOPPLER MEASUREMENT OF
CYSTIC FIBROSIS SWEAT TEST CYTOLOGY, AUTOMATED DEFIBRILLATORS
DIFFERENTIAL COUNTS, AUTOMATED DIGITAL ANGIOGRAPHY
DNA SEQUENCE
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
DRUG INFUSION SYSTEMS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND DOPPLER
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY ELECTROANALGESIA, SYSTEMIC ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY, COMPUTERS IN ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY ELECTROGASTROGRAM ELECTROMYOGRAPHY ELECTRONEUROGRAPHY ELECTROPHORESIS
xvii
xviii LIST OF ARTICLES
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY ELECTROSURGICAL UNIT (ESU) ENDOSCOPES
ENGINEERED TISSUE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL EQUIPMENT ACQUISITION
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE, BIOMEDICAL ESOPHAGEAL MANOMETRY
EVOKED POTENTIALS EXERCISE STRESS TESTING
EYE MOVEMENT, MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR FETAL MONITORING
FIBER OPTICS IN MEDICINE
FLAME ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY AND ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
FLOWMETERS
FLUORESCENCE MEASUREMENTS FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION GAMMA KNIFE
GAS AND VACUUM SYSTEMS, CENTRALLY PIPED MEDICAL
GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE GLUCOSE SENSORS
HEART VALVE PROSTHESES
HEART VALVE PROSTHESES, IN VITRO FLOW DYNAMICS OF
HEART VALVES, PROSTHETIC HEART, ARTIFICIAL HEART–LUNG MACHINES
HEAT AND COLD, THERAPEUTIC HEMODYNAMICS
HIGH FREQUENCY VENTILATION HIP JOINTS, ARTIFICIAL
HOME HEALTH CARE DEVICES
HUMAN FACTORS IN MEDICAL DEVICES HUMAN SPINE, BIOMECHANICS OF HYDROCEPHALUS, TOOLS FOR DIAGNOSIS
AND TREATMENT OF
HYPERBARIC MEDICINE HYPERBARIC OXYGENATION HYPERTHERMIA, INTERSTITIAL HYPERTHERMIA, SYSTEMIC HYPERTHERMIA, ULTRASONIC
IMAGE INTENSIFIERS AND FLUOROSCOPY IMAGING DEVICES
IMMUNOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS
IMMUNOTHERAPY
IMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY INCUBATORS, INFANT
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT TEMPERATURE SENSOR INTRAAORTIC BALLOON PUMP INTRAUTERINE SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
IONIZING RADIATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ION-SENSITIVE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS JOINTS, BIOMECHANICS OF
LARYNGEAL PROSTHETIC DEVICES LENSES, INTRAOCULAR
LIGAMENT AND TENDON, PROPERTIES OF
LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMERS LITHOTRIPSY
LIVER TRANSPLANTATION LUNG SOUNDS
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING MAMMOGRAPHY
MEDICAL EDUCATION, COMPUTERS IN MEDICAL ENGINEERING SOCIETIES
AND ORGANIZATIONS
MEDICAL GAS ANALYZERS MEDICAL PHYSICS LITERATURE MEDICAL RECORDS, COMPUTERS IN MICROARRAYS
MICROBIAL DETECTION SYSTEMS MICROBIOREACTORS MICRODIALYSIS SAMPLING MICROFLUIDICS
MICROPOWER FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS MICROSCOPY AND SPECTROSCOPY, NEAR-FIELD MICROSCOPY, CONFOCAL
MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY, SCANNING FORCE MICROSCOPY, SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSURGERY
MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY MOBILITY AIDS
MONITORING IN ANESTHESIA
MONITORING, HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING, INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE MONITORING, UMBILICAL ARTERY AND VEIN MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES NANOPARTICLES
NEONATAL MONITORING NEUROLOGICAL MONITORS NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS NEUTRON BEAM THERAPY
NONIONIZING RADIATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY NUCLEAR MEDICINE INSTRUMENTATION NUCLEAR MEDICINE, COMPUTERS IN
NUTRITION, PARENTERAL
OCULAR FUNDUS REFLECTOMETRY
OCULAR MOTILITY RECORDING AND NYSTAGMUS OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
OPTICAL SENSORS
OPTICAL TWEEZERS
ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES, MATERIALS AND DESIGN FOR
ORTHOPEDICS, PROSTHESIS FIXATION FOR OXYGEN ANALYZERS
OXYGEN MONITORING PACEMAKERS PANCREAS, ARTIFICIAL
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR NONINVASIVE MEASUREMENTS
PHANTOM MATERIALS IN RADIOLOGY PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS PHONOCARDIOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHY, MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS MODELING
PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS
PNEUMOTACHOMETERS POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION POLYMERIC MATERIALS
POROUS MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY PROSTATE SEED IMPLANTS PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY QUALITY-OF-LIFE MEASURES, CLINICAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF
RADIATION DOSE PLANNING, COMPUTER-AIDED RADIATION DOSIMETRY FOR ONCOLOGY RADIATION DOSIMETRY, THREE-DIMENSIONAL RADIATION PROTECTION INSTRUMENTATION RADIATION THERAPY, INTENSITY MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY SIMULATOR
RADIATION THERAPY TREATMENT PLANNING, MONTE CARLO CALCULATIONS IN
RADIATION THERAPY, QUALITY ASSURANCE IN RADIOLOGY INFORMATION SYSTEMS RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION AND
RADIOACTIVE DECAY RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL DOSIMETRY RADIOSURGERY, STEREOTACTIC RADIOTHERAPY ACCESSORIES RADIOTHERAPY, HEAVY ION RADIOTHERAPY, INTRAOPERATIVE
RADIOTHERAPY, THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONFORMAL RADIOTHERAPY TREATMENT PLANNING,
OPTIMIZATION OF
RECORDERS, GRAPHIC REHABILITATION AND MUSCLE TESTING
REHABILITATION, COMPUTERS IN COGNITIVE REHABILITATION, ORTHOTICS IN RESIN-BASED COMPOSITES
RESPIRATORY MECHANICS AND GAS EXCHANGE SAFETY PROGRAM, HOSPITAL
SCOLIOSIS, BIOMECHANICS OF SCREEN-FILM SYSTEMS
LIST OF ARTICLES |
xix |
SEXUAL INSTRUMENTATION SHOCK, TREATMENT OF
SKIN SUBSTITUTE FOR BURNS, BIOACTIVE
SKIN TISSUE ENGINEERING FOR REGENERATION SKIN, BIOMECHANICS OF
SLEEP LABORATORY
SLEEP STUDIES, COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF SPINAL CORD STIMULATION
SPINAL IMPLANTS STATISTICAL METHODS STEREOTACTIC SURGERY
STERILIZATION OF BIOLOGIC SCAFFOLD MATERIALS
STRAIN GAGES TACTILE STIMULATION TELERADIOLOGY
TEMPERATURE MONITORING THERMISTORS THERMOCOUPLES THERMOGRAPHY THERMOMETRY
TISSUE ABLATION TISSUE ENGINEERING TOMOTHERAPY TONOMETRY, ARTERIAL
TOOTH AND JAW, BIOMECHANICS OF TRACER KINETICS
TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION (TENS)
ULTRASONIC IMAGING
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IN MEDICINE VASCULAR GRAFT PROSTHESIS VENTILATORS, ACUTE MEDICAL CARE VENTILATORY MONITORING
VISUAL FIELD TESTING VISUAL PROSTHESES X-RAY EQUIPMENT DESIGN
X-RAY QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM X-RAY THERAPY EQUIPMENT, LOW AND
MEDIUM ENERGY
X-RAYS: INTERACTION WITH MATTER X-RAYS, PRODUCTION OF