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zation caused by the common and separate character of their activity. In
the reasoning concerning extrasensory being of a personality selfreference of a psychic system is compared to the concept of a personality
as the self-unity, self-separation and self-unification of the moments of
being or information. A personality as “an imperfect unity of an imperfect
set” of information creates other things as sets of information and is
created by them. In this sense an individual calls its name and calls the
name of another, an isomorpf of another. It is concluded that the interpretation of social information interaction includes the definition of the sub-
ject of interaction, in particular an individual as “an imperfect unity of an
imperfect set” of information and a semantic unit of social information
interaction as “the name of a thing” which cause and interrelate the growth
of social information interaction intensity.
Based on the proposed interpretation of social information interaction
the author reveals the dependence of characteristics of modern society on
the intensity of social information interaction. It is manifested in “the for-
mation” of a personality‟s reality as the subject of social information inte-
raction in modern society. It is pointed out that extrasensory being of a
personality occurs in both traditional society and modern information-
oriented society as well. Traditional society is characterized by “low fre-
quencies” of information interaction and by relatively weakly differen-
tiated communication processes which are sparse and simple in their structure while “high frequency” of information interaction is typical of modern information-oriented society and extrasensory being is mediated by
information technologies and by knowledge. Communication is highly
differentiated in modern society; its structure is getting more and more
complicated and is less amenable to reflection. The rate of social information processes in society is increasingly exceeding the potential of contemporary humans as intellectual systems. Such limitations of human nature undoubtedly result in serious contradictions and problems for modern
people and their extrasensory being. It is pointed out that there is a distinctive contradiction between the right of a personality to self-affirmation and
their ability to control the social setting which makes such self-affirmation
feasible or impossible. Self-affirmation is as necessary for a personality as
it is impossible because of “the eluding situation” of society itself. The
destiny of an individual becomes “a biographic settlement of systems con-
tradictions” which leads to a closed-circle situation – to become a perso-
nality an individual needs resources and possibilities that are undoubtedly
rejected by a new order. A new order rejecting an individual as a
SUMMARY
274
unity of information sets, contingency as a value in modern society (Luman) is an order caused by ever increasing rate of informational processes
in society confirming an increasingly temporal character of the human environment. Ideas of post-modernism concerning radical transformations of
modern society are analyzed. Contemporary human beings are doomed to
experience the unauthenticity of the world given in their cultural experience as well as they are doomed to its being infected by parasitic secondary senses (J. Baudrillard). Social reality on a mass scale that increases
together with the growth of social information process frequency develops
self-sufficient pattern-independent simulacra and is increasingly forming
the life environment of modern people from them. It is shown in the monograph that extrasensory being of a personality under conditions of increasing rates of social information interaction in modern society turns out
to be “simulative pseudo being”. Virtual practices performed by means of
“incomplete actualization of empirical reality” or simulacra seem for a
person to be a no less authentic and radical alternative to an ordinary routine order of being. As information process intensity grows, such features
of information society as the appearance of “information economics” that
is characterized by the development of a technological paradigm possessing a new organizational logic correlated with the current process of tech-
nological changes and “the culture of real virtuality” (M. Kastels) become
the main moments of “the formed” in the extrasensory being of a personal-
ity, the moments of reality of a contemporary person. “The culture of real
virtuality” is characterized by the concept of a multimedia text, i.e. a po-
tential integration of texts, images, and sounds interacting from numerous
points in the global net in one system; by a new role of mass media that
have become an audio-visual environment an individual automatically interacts with as well as by other features. So, the problem of formation of a
subject‟s reality and “the formed” as reality of a subject of social information interaction results from increasing temporariness of social senses and
the growth of diversity of social information in society. Modern society is
characterized by: 1) “disappearing” of a semantic unit of social informa-
tion interaction, i.e. “the name of a thing” and growth of temporariness of
social senses; 2) growth of information content of a personality that leads
to transformations of the latter, which is manifested, in particular, in potential degradation or degeneration of social being of a personality into
“simulative pseudo being”.
Theoretical and methodological grounds of the analysis of social information action are presented in the collaborative monograph. Definitions
275
of the virtual proposed by philosophers and scientists from other fields are
studied, the definitions of the virtual, virtualization, the virtual in society,
social virtuality and virtual social action are specified.
The author analyzes the concept of the virtual in terms of approaches
used in philosophy and natural sciences. The main propositions of views of
the nature of the virtual are revealed. The emphasis is made on the key
points of these propositions, i.e. since ancient times till now the virtual has
been treated as some potential force only, a property, an ability that is inherent in objects and that can be actualized, while now more and more philosophers pose the question of an ontological nature of virtuality. The concept
of the plurality of reality proposed by N.A. Nosov to reveal the specificity
of the virtual is regarded. Virtual reality is interpreted as reality possessing
its own attributes that is generated by social reality and interconnected with
it (N.A. Nosov). It is stressed that it is more correct to treat virtual reality
not as reality existing statically but as dynamically developing reality, reality in the process of formation. Virtual reality is not being in itself, but it is
being in action. Reality is a process, not the outcome. This interpretation of
virtual reality arises from the understanding of the virtual as a force capable
of actualization. Actualization of virtual phenomena and reduction of social
phenomena occur in the process of interaction between virtual and social
realities. It was found out that in natural sciences virtual reality is treated as
a particular kind of certain reality, but not as its generated form. In natural
sciences, virtual reality is treated mostly as material and substantial reality,
that is, technological reality and is related to the advent of the computer. In
the humanities, virtual reality is defined as ideal reality, as a changed state
of human consciousness.
The concept of virtualization is specified and approaches to virtualization in social cognition are analyzed in the monograph. Major propositions
of theories, concepts and models of virtual society are described. The author underlines differences between these theories, concepts and models.
Virtual society is treated either as simulation similarity, distorted imitation
or play of mind without any practical realization, or as symbolic and semantic similarity of society, or as a specific form of the social that is genetically inseparable and exists only within the established social forms, or
as the existing alternative of the established stable social world genetically
not related to it. Therefore it is quite clear that there isn‟t any single virtual
society. The author has failed to find an unambiguous interpretation of
virtual society and virtualization processes leading to its formation. The
definition of virtualization within the activity-based approach makes it
SUMMARY
276
possible to identify a process-like character of the formation of virtual society. Society virtualization is understood as the process of mutual transition of potential social actions to real ones. The process of modern society
virtualization is to be associated with computerization and electronic technologies. The computer is a new symbolic medium that has greatly accelerated virtualization processes; however, we should remember that individuals have always lived in the virtual world that other virtual media created.
Virtual processes only partially involve all strata of society and hence it is
too early to speak about the replacement of society by virtual society.
In the monograph kinds and models of reality are studied and the specific nature of virtual social reality is defined more accurately. Four models of reality, namely, naturalistic, realistic, activity-based and phenomenological have been analyzed. It is shown that virtualization is quite difficult to study by using naturalistic and realistic models as they describe
static society from outside. The activity-based model is best suited to the
analysis of virtual processes as it describes dynamic society from inside.
In this connection reality is defined as actuality in the monograph. Four
kinds of reality, namely, ideal, material, actual and potential have been
studied. In virtual social reality borders between the ideal and material,
actual and potential are blurred. In the light of this virtual social reality is
defined as the system of actual and potential social actions.
In the monograph the author gives his interpretation of virtualization
processes occurring at all social levels and conducts a search of the virtual
in structural elements of society. It is found out that transformation of activity of social institutions and social communities as well as behaviors of
individuals occur under the effect of virtualization processes.
It is pointed out that virtualization processes involving all social institutions result in changes in social institutions activity. It is shown that virtualization processes of social institutions are implemented through computerization. A new organizational form of institutional interactions,
namely, a global network has emerged, a vertical hierarchy is replaced by
a horizontal one and an informal structure of relations begins to dominate.
Relations and managerial actions are carried out based on integrated and
local systems and telecommunications and a more flexible adaptation to
the environment emerges. Institutional interactions are widened in the
process of introduction of computer technologies. Institutional interactions
are increasingly becoming temporary. Institutions begin to focus their activity on generation of simulative functions. The transformation of social
institutions caused by virtualization processes is a necessary condition of
277
the adaptation of social institutions to the changed social environment.
Those social institutions that haven‟t undergone changes cannot withstand
competition and in the long run completely disappear.
A new form of organization of social relations - a global network - has
appeared in modern society. The network existing in industrial society was
local; it integrated physically localized in time and space social institutions, social communities and social actors. In post-industrial society the
net has acquired a global character by integrating social institutions, social
communities and social actors separated in time and space. Time-space
borders are becoming blurred. Virtuality may be regarded as an attribute
of the net because a net-based organizational form of relations leads to the
expansion of space. In addition, its geometry is sufficiently changeable,
that is, network nodes are created and disappear quickly. The author attracts the reader‟s attention to the advent of a new type of communities –
virtual Internet-based communities. Virtual communities interact; they are
interconnected with social communities and influence them via changing
behaviors of individuals forming these communities. At the same time,
virtual communities possess attributes distinguishing them from social
communities. There are no social restrictions in virtual communities and
interaction between individuals is anonymous. In virtual communities
normative control begins to weaken and a self-regulation mechanism
works. There is feedback between subjects. In virtual communities interactions are conducted via computers and computer reality is conventional,
intangible and unlimited. Interactions in virtual reality possess the following attributes of virtuality: they emerge and are actualized if individual are
interested in them and disintegrate quickly. Virtual communities contribute to both compaction and expansion of space interactions simultaneously. In virtual communities due to the availability of the global network individuals can expand their social interactions beyond the boundaries of their areas and strengthen social interactions within their areas. A
network-based organizational form having a global nature is an alternative
to an area-based organizational form of society.
It is pointed out that virtualization processes cause transformations of
individuals‟ behavior. In virtual society axiological senses of information
that individuals exchange disappear. Not only do modern information
technologies accelerate information flows but they also transform the underlying structure of information. Information becomes a flow of the defining without any connection with the defined. Information is transformed to communicability or broadcasting that produces a real and sym-
SUMMARY
278
bolic world of vacuousness. Continued generation of information, play on
information, juggling, distortion, use and turning information into a tool of
struggle leads to distortion of communication and escape from its authenticity to the world of technological and social speculation. Nature and
people continue functioning while the purport of being has long disappeared. Virtual communications more and more carry people away from
communication with existing society. Social relations develop due to dramatized communication that includes a lot of behavioral models. Dramatization of life is manifested in an interactive exchange of symbols. As interactive information space develops, the performance merges with life in
which differentiation of imaginary and real, public and intimate becomes
more and more challenging. Public vanishes in the total dramatization of
social on its way to virtual society. Performances become more and more
real, more similar to life and included in it.
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