Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Грамматика английского языка. Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов высших учебных заведений экономического профиля
.pdf
6. What size are you in clothes?
7. When did you enter the university?
8. What year student are you now?
9. At what time do you usually get up?
10. How long does it take you to get to the university?
11. How much does it cost you to get to the university by public
transport?
12. How do you rank among the other students of your group in edu-
cational progress?
1. What area does the Republic of Belarus occupy? (207600 km2)
2. How many people live here? (9690000)
3. When was the capital of your country founded? (1067) How old is
it now?
4. When did Belarus proclaim its independence? (25.08.1991)
5. What was the gross domestic product of Belarus in 2007? (BR
96047,7 billion = $ 45 billion)
1
6. What is the share of agriculture in Belarus’ economic output? (
/7)
7. What is the level of unemployment in Belarus? (1.1%)
8. How far is it from Minsk to Moscow? (700 km)
V. Прочитайте анекдот, а затем опишите свои способности и таланты по формуле, предложенной Мистером Темптером:
Mr. Tempter is talking to a young charming woman:
“I’m ten per cent lover, eight per cent poet and two per cent chief
executive. The rest, I’m afraid, is water.”
71
6. СОЮЗЫ
СОЧИНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СОЮЗЫ
and
both … and
как … так и
as well as
так же, как и
or
but
not only … but also
не только … но и
either … or
или … или
neither … nor
ни … ни
The door opened and somebody came in.
и
He speaks both English and French.
We have received your telegram as well as your
letter.
If you see any way you can help me, or I can help
или
you, let me know.
He’s a hardworking but not very intelligent work-
но
er.
We object not only to the terms of payment, but
also to the terms of delivery.
The manager is either at the office or at a meeting.
Equilibrium is the economic condition in which
there is neither excess demand nor excess supply
in a market.
Для связи предложений в составе сложносочиненного предложения и для связи однородных членов предложения служат
также следующие союзы, наречия и предлоги:
Результат
so
therefore
that is why
72
так что, итак
поэтому
поэтому
He started to go on about his problems so I finally
left.
They heard the warning on the radio and there-
fore took another route.
I think that the police have something on him and
that is why he wants to quit his job.
thus
таким образом
consequently
следовательно
otherwise / or else
иначе
Противопоставление
We have failed. Thus we have to take the consequences.
The hole in the ozone layer is getting bigger.
Consequently, the climate is changing.
I went at once; otherwise I should have missed him.
Go away or else I won’t finish my work today.
although / though / even
though
хотя
while / whereas
тогда как, несмотря на
in spite of / despite
несмотря на
however
однако
nevertheless
тем не менее
still / yet
тем не менее, всё же
on the one / other hand
с одной/другой стороны
Дополнение
also / too / as well / either
тоже, также
in addition
вдобавок
furthermore / what is more
/ moreover
более того
besides
кроме того
except
за исключением того, что
Although her boss is very aggressive she
is always able to hold her own in any dispute with him.
It was an easy task for an expert, while it
is dangerous for a novice.
In spite of all precautions, information
was seeping out.
Our environment is in danger. However,
environmental disasters can be prevented.
Her superior gave her some good advice.
Nevertheless, she didn’t follow it.
The working conditions here are quite
good. Still, the job itself is too boring.
He is very intelligent but on the other
hand he is very lazy and is always late for
work.
She is also a qualified worker. She is a qualified worker, too. She is a qualified worker as
well. She is not a qualified worker either.
The meeting was boring in addition to being
long.
You haven’t prepared your report. And what
is more you’ve left the office in a terrible
mess.
Besides costing too much, the scheme is impractical.
The cases are quite parallel, except that A is
cheaper than B.
73
ПОДЧИНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СОЮЗЫ
Союзы времени
when
когда
as / just as
в то время как
while
пока, в то время как
as long as
до тех пор пока
till / until
до тех пор, пока не
before
до того как
after
после того как
then
затем
since
с тех пор как
as soon as
как только
no sooner … than
как только … то
hardly … when
как только … то
It was the day when the world’s first artificial
satellite of the Earth was launched.
The thought occurred to me as I was watching the
procession.
I have deputed the keeping of the accounts to my
assistant while I am on holidays.
As long as you insist on these terms, we will not
come to an agreement with you.
He cannot become a member until his attitude
changes.
Hear twice before you speak once.
After I left my previous work I odd-jobbed around
at anything I could get to do.
Then he made an about-turn and left the office.
He has acquired a new status since he was in that
job.
He’ll do the job as soon as he returns back home.
This answer no sooner reached Britain, than the
whole nation was transported with joy.
Hardly had I walked half-way towards the door
when my co-worker called me back.
Союзы цели
lest
чтобы … не
so that / in order that
чтобы; для того, чтобы
so as to / in order to
чтобы; для того, чтобы
74
They wrapped the instruments lest they should
be damaged by sea water.
I gave him the reference book so that he might
study the subject at home.
He did some of the translation so as to make
the work easier for her.
Союзы причины
as
так как
since
так как, поскольку
for
так как
because
потому что, так как
because of
из-за
due to / owing to
из-за, благодаря
Союзы условия
if
если, в случае если
in case
на случай, если
unless / if not
если … не
even if
даже если
on condition (that)
при условии если
provided / providing (that)
при условии если
as long as / so long as
при условии если
suppose / supposing (that)
предположим, допустим
as if / as though
как если бы, как будто
I must stop work now as I have to go out.
Since the boss is pleased with the results, so are
the subordinates.
He walked quickly, for he was in a great hurry.
I didn’t come to the reception, because I was
feeling unwell.
Many businesses break up because of a lack of
money.
Our flight was delayed due to a strike by airtraffic controllers.
He will get the letter tomorrow if you send
it now.
I’ll give you my mobile number in case you
want to contact me.
I’ll prepare the provisional agenda tomorrow unless I’m too busy.
Even if I could afford my own house, I
wouldn’t buy one.
I’ll lend you some money on condition
(that) you return it as soon as possible.
We’ll deliver the merchandise provided
(that) you pay in time.
You can use my car as long as you drive
carefully.
Supposing (that) he doesn’t come, who will
do the work?
Why is she looking at me as if she knew
me?
75
I. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. (In case / If) a country has no natural resources it has to rely on
imports.
2. George has got a new job, (because / that’s why) he’s so pleased
with himself.
3. The work people do (either / both) provides them with what they
need or provides the money with which they can buy essential
commodities.
4. (In spite / Because) of all our careful plans, a lot of things went
wrong.
5. The banks were closed and (since / as a result) we couldn’t get
any money.
6. (As / Although) the economic situation has improved, there are
still too many jobless people.
7. It’s impossible to obtain a credit card (if / unless) you have a
steady income.
8. (When / While) Jenny finishes her degree she intends to work in
her father’s company.
9. The discovery of oil (also / as well) increased the amount of un-
employment in the country.
10. (Due to / Because) poor management, the company was forced to
close.
11. Employers obtain their net profits only (before / after) they have
paid all expenses.
12. (Even if / For) I’m supposed to be working by myself, there are
other people who I can interact with.
13. (Since / Until) this business is safe in my son’s hands I see no ob-
ject in continuing it.
14. I avoided mentioning the subject (lest / so that) he should be of-
fended.
15. (Supposing / On condition) somebody asks me where you are,
what shall I say?
76
II. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. She applied for the job … didn’t get it.
a. or c. when
b. but d. so
2. … the company’s growth has been slower than expected, the
workforce is to be reduced.
a. Therefore c. Since
b. Despite d. Owing to
3. There’s always a night watchman … anything happens in the of-
fice at night.
a. if c. in case
b. as long as d. unless
4. … she has a job, she doesn’t make enough money to support her
four children.
a. Even though c. Even if
b. If only d. As though
5. … he had inherited a fortune from his dad, he now spent every
penny of it.
a. As c. Still
b. In spite of d. Whereas
6. Two of the three factories in our small town have closed; … un-
employment is high.
a. moreover c. therefore
b. for d. because
7. … two hours we were still discussing the first item of the agenda.
a. Before c. Since
b. After d. While
8. Most criminals realize that they may be caught. … they are pre-
pared to take risks.
a. So as c. So that
b. Otherwise d. Nevertheless
9. He insisted that he was right ... the fact that everyone disagreed
with him.
a. while c. in spite of
b. though d. because of
77
10. Preservation is valid for three years … that standard storage con-
ditions are ensured.
a. provided c. unless
b. supposing d. in case
11. I’m going to look for another job … the company offers me a pay rise.
a. so long as c. as soon as
b. unless d. if
12. We must begin planning right now, … the future may bring unex-
pected changes.
a. however c. so as
b. so that d. for
13. … to being a means of exchange, money is … a means of measur-
ing the value of human labour.
a. Due; too c. In addition; also
b. Besides; as well d. Owing; either
14. I was advised to arrange insurance … I needed medical treatment
… I was abroad.
a. if; as c. on condition; till
b. lest; when d. in case; while
15. They waited … everybody was there … they started the meeting.
a. until; before c. when; until
b. for; after d. while; since
III. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу союзами, наречиями или предлогами:
1. I’m not going to stop working now. I’ll keep doing it … I finish.
2. Some people provide goods, some people provide services. Other
people provide … goods and services.
3. … we had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.
4. … of certain economic difficulties faced by the country, it has
great potential to overcome them.
5. … had I entered the office than the telephone started ringing.
6. She accepted the job just … of the salary, which was very high.
7. We should try to set up a business that will last … for a year but
forever.
8. I’m sorry I’m late but the telephone rang just … I was about to
leave.
78
9. We haven’t met … we attended the conference in Moscow.
10. This letter is rather urgent. Could you pass it to Miss Kelly … as
she returns to the office?
IV. Дополните следующий диалог, заполнив пропуски
соответствующими союзами:
Vick:
Rachel:
Vick:
Rachel:
Vick:
Rachel:
Vick:
Rachel:
Vick:
Rachel:
Vick:
What are you going to do (1) (after / since) you graduate
from the university, Rachel?
Vicky and I will be off to the States (2) (as soon as / as
long as) this term is over. We are going to travel around,
and may go to Canada (3) (so that / so as) to see some
friends of Vicky’s. We’ve been thinking about nothing
else (4) (since / until) we bought our plane tickets.
It sounds great. How are you getting around in the States?
By Greyhound bus. I know it takes longer than flying, (5)
(but / despite) it’ll be more interesting. We fly to Los Angeles and (6) (then / after) we’re taking the bus to New
York. We’re going to buy a special ticket (7) (in order / so
that) we can go anywhere we like on the way.
Yes, it’s better by bus (8) (as / that’s why) you can stop
off at interesting places.
Of course, the bus will probably be tiring.
Maybe you should take plenty of money (9) (even if / in
case) you decide to fly instead.
I’ll have to be careful with my money. I hope to stay out
there (10) (unless / until) I have to come back and start my
job in September. I’m really looking forward to the trip,
(11) (though / as though) I’ll be sad to leave here. And
what about you? What are you doing this summer?
I’ll go away somewhere (12) (if / as if) I could afford to.
But I’m working. I’ve got no money, (13) (for / so) I’ll
have to earn some.
Have you really got no money (14) (in addition to / in
spite of) the fact that you’ve had a part-time job this term?
You know me, Rachel. (15) (If / In case) I’ve got money, I
spend it.
79
V. Используя следующие выражения, а также свои собственные идеи, расскажите о Мэри Стюарт или о человеке, которого вы хорошо знаете. Соедините все
реплики с помощью необходимых союзов, наречий и
предлогов:
Например: Mary, who comes from Plymouth, wanted a career in
management. She studied hard so that she could get a place at university …
Mary Stuart from Plymouth
9 wanted a career in management
9 studied hard – got a place at university
9 worked extremely hard at university – passed all her exams
9 got a Management degree
9 graduated – was offered a job in a large multinational company
9 ambitious – was promoted within a year
9 well-respected by her colleagues for hard work and dedication
80
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]