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Файл:Грамматика английского языка. Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов высших учебных заведений экономического профиля
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Обстоятельства времени: for 2 hours, since morning, all day
long.
Утвердительная
форма
I
We have been working
You
They
He
She has been working
It
Отрицательная
форма
I
We have not been
You working
They
He
She has not been
It working
Вопросительная
форма
I
Have we been working?
you
they
he
Has she been working?
it
– Exports have been growing steadily over the past six months. –
Объём экспорта стабильно рос в течение последних шести
месяцев.
Примечание:
9 Present Perfect Continuous делает акцент на самом действии
или его продолжительности, Present Perfect делает акцент на
завершении и результате действия: Paul is very tired; he has
been working hard lately. – Пол очень устал; он в последнее
время усердно работал. I have signed contracts twice this week. –
Я уже дважды подписывал контракты на этой неделе.
I. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. The company (is owning / owns) a great number of hotels and res-
taurants.
2. “Where (are you going / do you go)?” “To the meeting. Would
you like to join me?”
3. We are all here now except Mr. Thomas who still (is having / has)
lunch.
4. Your chances to get this job (are / are being) low.
5. “Is Mr. Anderson in the office?” “I don’t know. I (haven’t seen /
don’t see) him all day.”
121
6. What’s the matter? Why (are you looking / have you been look-
ing) at me like that?
7. “Do you need these papers?” “No, I (have read / have been read-
ing) them already.”
8. Have you seen my organizer? I (am searching / have been search-
ing) for it all morning.
9. It is clear to me that my time for action (has come / comes).
10. Mr. Archibald always (is holding / holds) the meeting up by be-
ing late!
11. The inflation rate (goes / is going) up as a result of rising gas and
energy costs.
12. Since last year our turnover (has increased / has been increasing)
by 7 per cent.
13. Rivalry (reveals / is revealing) the best in products and the worst
in people.
14. In the Republic of Belarus the National Bank (is setting / sets) the
base interest rate.
15. Oil prices (have risen / are rising) to record levels over the past
three years.
II. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. What time … your working day …?
a. is; starting c. does; start
b. do; start d. has; started
2. It … harder and harder nowadays to find a well-paid job.
a. gets c. has got
b. has been getting d. is getting
3. … the secretary … the appointment with Miss Clark in your diary
so far?
a. does; put c. has; put
b. is; putting d. has; been putting
4. It’s the first time I … on a business trip abroad.
a. am c. am being
b. have been d. be
5. The world economies … through a serious economic crisis right
now.
a. go c. have gone
b. are going d. have been going
122
6. The Belarusian government … to build the country’s first nuclear
power station.
a. decides c. has decided
b. is deciding d. has been deciding
7. Jill came to our company three years ago and … here ever since.
a. works c. has worked
b. work d. is working
8. What … of the latest draft proposal?
a. do you think c. have you thought
b. are you thinking d. have you been thinking
9. Mike … to our customer for half an hour now.
a. is talking c. has talked
b. talks d. has been talking
10. The collapse in the financial world … my chances for future pro-
motion.
a. ruins c. has ruined
b. are ruining d. has been ruining
11. Mrs. Hastings’s secretary … on the phone! No wonder it’s practi-
cally impossible to get through.
a. is constantly talking c. constantly talks
b. has constantly been talking d. is constantly talk
12. How long … in sales?
a. do you work c. are you working
b. have you work d. have you been working
13. “Has he agreed to your offer?” “No, he still … it over.”
a. has thought c. has been thinking
b. thinks d. is thinking
14. The industrial giants of Belarus still … of the ways to reduce the
existing stockpiles.
a. think c. have thought
b. are thinking d. have been thinking
15. She is very tired and her eyes are red. … on the computer?
a. Is she working c. Has she been working
b. Has she worked d. Does she work
123
III. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в одной из
форм настоящего времени:
1. Our weekly planning meetings (take) place on Mondays at
10 a.m.
2. A good brand (guarantee) a certain level of quality to customers.
3. I (not like) the new office manager, she continually (bother) me
with silly questions.
4. I (know) Mr. Smith all my life and we always (be) good business
partners.
5. Don’t rush me. I (work) as fast as I can.
6. I know that since January he (be) in charge of the management
division.
7. The Belarusian economy (grow) at an annual rate of 3 %.
8. I (type) this report since yesterday and I’m only halfway through.
9. I see you (write) letters of advice all the morning. Is it the last no-
tice you (write) now?
10. This notice is too high for me to read. What it (say)?
11. I (think) about it for the last three days, it’s such a bother to me.
So it (be) really a relief to talk it over with you.
12. He (apply) for jobs without success for months now.
13. Many banks currently (offer) their customers the opportunity to
do their banking online.
14. The technician (repair) the copy-machine. He (work) at it for an
hour or so.
15. This product (be) of high quality. We (not receive) any com-
plaints yet.
16. We (try) to create a new system of ad effectiveness since the be-
ginning of the year.
17. Students often (attend) courses in foreign languages to get a better
command of the English language.
18. I (not see) you for ages. What you (do)?
19. I (study) hard of late. I’ve got exams next week.
20. My neighbour (try) to find a job since he graduated from the uni-
versity.
21. It’s the first time he (come) in due time.
124
22. The figures presented in your report (look) rather optimistic. Are
you sure they (be) accurate?
23. Collin says she (be) very tired recently. She (work) almost sixty
hours a week for the past month.
24. How long you (advertise) this vacancy in the press?
25. Sorry about the mess! The workmen (install) new equipment in
the office all morning.
26. I (want) to find a new job but I (not know) where to start.
27. The telephone (ring) three times in the last hour, and each time it
(be) for my office mate.
28. We always (listen) to our customers and (act) on their comments
and suggestions.
29. This year the company’s turnover (rise) by 5 per cent and we
(see) a substantial improvement in profits.
30. We just (finish) the development of the brand new product and
now we (work) on its design.
IV. Дополните следующие предложения таким образом,
чтобы употребить глагол в видовременной форме,
указанной в скобках:
Например: Our sales are improving because … (Present Perfect)
Our sales are improving because we have introduced some new
product lines.
1. A sales manager is a person who … (Present Indefinite)
2. The World Bank is an international organization that … (Present
Indefinite)
3. I’m afraid the Managing Director is busy now as … (Present
Continuous)
4. The meeting room isn’t free … (Present Continuous)
5. At the moment the government is very unpopular because …
(Present Perfect)
6. I don’t like taking unnecessary risks with money, so … (Present
Perfect)
7. I think they must have put the wrong phone number on the adver-
tisement because up to now we … (Present Perfect)
8. I am under so much stress at the moment as … (Present Perfect
Continuous)
125
9. The new product is going to be a big success. Since its launch …
(Present Perfect Continuous)
10. We got a new manager a few weeks ago. Since he arrived …
(Present Perfect Continuous)
СПОСОБЫ ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ ПРОШЕДШЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ
PAST INDEFINITE
Прошедшее неопределённое
Действие произошло в какой-то момент времени в прошлом (время действия указывается или подразумевается).
Обстоятельства времени: yesterday, last week, long ago, the
other day, not until, then, there, in summer, in 2006, on holidays,
in France.
Утвердительная
форма
I
He
She worked
It knew
We
You
They
Отрицательная
форма
I
He
She did not work
It did not know
We
You
They
Вопросительная
форма
I
he
Did she work?
Did it know?
we
you
they
– Last year we introduced a new quality control system. – В про-
шлом году мы ввели новую систему контроля качества.
– The standard of living in Europe went up during the 1960s. –
Уровень жизни в Европе вырос в шестидесятых годах.
– Did you discuss that problem at last week’s meeting? – Вы обсу-
дили эту проблему на собрании на прошлой неделе?
Past Indefinite также используется:
9 для обозначения повторяющихся или последовательных дей-
ствий: Every day he came to the office,
sat down at his table and
started working. – Каждый день он приходил в офис, садился
за стол и начинал работать.
126
9 когда речь идёт о происхождении чего-либо, об открытиях,
изобретениях: Who gave you this advice? – Кто дал вам этот
совет? A. Marshal defined economics. – А. Маршал дал опре-
деление экономике.
9 для обозначения действия, которое длилось в течение неко-
торого периода времени в прошлом и теперь закончено: He
studied hard for four years to become a lawyer. – Он усердно
учился в течение четырёх
PAST CONTINUOUS
Прошедшее длительное
лет, чтобы стать юристом.
Действие происходило (длилось) в конкретный момент
времени в прошлом.
Обстоятельства времени: at 5 o’clock, from 3 to 4, the whole
day, at that time yesterday; придаточные предложения с while,
when.
Утвердительная
форма
I
He was working
She
It
We
You were working
They
Отрицательная
форма
I
He was not working
She
It
We
You were not working
They
Вопросительная
форма
I
Was he working?
she
it
we
Were you working?
they
– He was working on the report all day long yesterday. – Он рабо-
тал над докладом вчера весь день.
– I was leaving the office when my boss arrived. – Я уходил из
офиса, когда приехал мой босс.
– While we were seeking a solution, they were doing everything to
oppose us. – Пока мы искали решение, они делали всё воз-
можное, чтобы помешать нам.
127
PAST PERFECT
Прошедшее совершённое (предпрошедшее)
Действие завершилось до определённого момента времени в
прошлом.
Обстоятельства времени: by 5 o’clock, before, after, hardly …
when, scarcely … when, no sooner … than.
Утвердительная
форма
I
He
She had worked
It had known
We
You
They
Отрицательная
форма
I
He
She had not worked
It had not known
We
You
They
Вопросительная
форма
I
he
Had she worked?
Had it known?
we
you
they
→
– I could see from his face that he had received bad news. – Я ви-
дел по его лицу, что он получил плохие новости.
– When I last saw her she had already planned a new sales strat-
egy. – Когда я видел её в последний раз, она уже спланирова-
ла новую стратегию продаж.
– Hardly had I finished my work when my colleague phoned me. –
Как только я закончила работу, мне позвонил коллега.
Past Perfect также используется:
9 в конструкциях Past Perfect before Past Indefinite, Past In-
definite after Past Perfect: Our share prices had been very low
before we appointed the new chairman. – Цены на наши акции
были очень низкими, до того как мы назначили нового пред-
седателя. After they had bought the company, they started to
make a lot of employees redundant. – После того, как они купи-
ли компанию, они начали увольнять многих работников.
Когда нет необходимости подчёркивать предшествование
одного действия другому, то после after
128
возможно употреб-
ление Past Indefinite: After I sent her an SMS message, she
called me back at once. – После того, как я отправил ей сооб-
щение, она сразу же мне перезвонила.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Прошедшее совершённо-длительное
Действие началось до определённого момента времени в
прошлом и длилось в течение определённого периода.
Обстоятельства времени: for 2 hours, since morning, all day
long.
Утвердительная
форма
I
He
She
It had been working
We
You
They
Отрицательная
форма
I
He
She
It had not been working
We
You
They
Вопросительная
форма
I
he
she
Had it been working?
we
you
they
– I had been trying to get through for an hour before someone an-
swered the phone. – Я пытался дозвониться в течение часа,
прежде чем кто-то подошёл к телефону.
– Before they closed down the subsidiary, it had been losing money
for years. – Прежде чем они закрыли филиал, он годами нёс
убытки.
I. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. The union (agreed / had agreed) on Tuesday to resume wage ne-
gotiations.
2. We (have sent / sent) you the payment order twice this week.
3. He (was driving / had been driving) to work at this time yesterday
morning.
4. (Have you discussed / Did you discuss) that problem at the last
meeting?
129
5. It was announced that the government (had rejected / rejected)
the proposal to reduce taxes.
6. When (did she choose / had she chosen) to take a course in man-
agement?
7. Yesterday I (phoned / had phoned) the bank about my overdraft.
8. This month we (received / have received) a lot of complaints
about customer service.
9. How long ago (had you taken / did you take) extension courses?
10. Mr. Billboard (had been thinking / thought) his decision over dur-
ing the lunch break.
11. Mr. Benson (came / has come) to our company ten years ago and
(has worked / worked) here ever since.
12. When I (searched / was searching) for the documents, I suddenly
remembered I (left / had left) them in my briefcase at home.
13. When I (arrived / was arriving) at the office Ms Flick (waited /
was waiting) for me.
14. We (paid / had paid) no attention to Mrs. Clare’s complaint be-
cause she (called / had called) us so many times before.
15. While I (had / was having) lunch I (looked / was looking) through
the financial newspapers and (saw / had seen) that the company’s
investments (grew / had grown) by 10%.
II. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. They … a lot of useful contacts during their business trip to India.
a. made c. was making
b. have made d. had made
2. We … completely satisfied as not all our requirements had been
met.
a. didn’t be c. hadn’t been
b. weren’t d. haven’t been
3. What … the Managing Director … you when you were in his of-
fice?
a. did; tell c. had; told
b. has; told d. was; telling
4. I … the current accounts when I spotted the error.
a. checked c. was checking
b. had been checking d. had checked
130
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