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Файл:Грамматика английского языка. Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов высших учебных заведений экономического профиля
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6. We produce (a / –) detailed sales report three times (a / the) year.
7. Where’s (a / the) fax the suppliers sent this morning? I can’t find it.
8. I have (an / the) appointment at (a / the) bank.
9. I’d like to clear out (a / –) few items in (a / the) contract.
10. We must arrive at (a / the) decision as soon as possible.
11. (An / The) accountant’s job is to check (a / –) company’s financial
affairs.
12. They wouldn’t pay their debt, so we took them to (the / –) court.
13. (A / The) presentation was (a / the) great success.
14. In (the / –) near future videoconferences will replace many meet-
ings.
15. “Is there (a / the) bank near here?” “Yes. There’s one next to (a /
the) supermarket round (a / the) corner.”
16. He has been working at (– / the) Microsoft since (the / –) late
1990s.
17. (An / The) accountant’s job is to check (a / –) company’s finan-
cial affairs.
18. “(The / –) Financial Times” is one of (the / –) UK’s most impor-
tant financial newspapers.
19. (– / The) European Community does a lot of trade with (a / the)
rest of (the / –) world.
20. “I left (the / –) school at 17, went to (the / –) Belarusian State
Economic University and got (a / the) degree in (– / the) econom-
ics.” “What did you say (a / the) name of (a / the) university was?”
III. Заполните пропуски артиклями там, где это необходимо:
1. I’ll send you … email. It’s best not to talk about such things on …
phone.
2. George has … part-time job. He works three mornings … week.
3. Much depends on … final day of … negotiations.
4. He took … second opportunity to overcome … difficulties.
5. They could never afford to stay at hotels like … Brown’s or …
Hilton.
6. … safety should come first. People’s lives shouldn’t be put at …
risk.
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7. I’ve invited five people to … business lunch. Out of … five peo-
ple, only Mr. Lee and Ms Kerry could come, … others couldn’t.
8. You’ll find … information you need at … top of … page 15. For
… further information phone … number below.
9. Every morning I had to sort out … mail and distribute … faxes,
before I could have … cup of coffee.
10. … combination of … four Ps determines … marketing mix.
11. You must contact … manager and tell him about … telegram. It is
… urgent telegram.
12. … economic theories simplify … reality to let … people under-
stand … basic economic principles.
13. … unemployment is very high at the moment and it’s very diffi-
cult for … people to find … work.
14. Lots of people are without … jobs in … city, so … government
has decided to give … unemployed … special benefits.
15. … scarcity is … imbalance between our desires and … means of
satisfying them.
16. … cost of … living in … Sweden is higher than in … other coun-
tries of … Europe.
17. John works for … IBM now. He used to work for … British Tele-
com at … start of his career.
18. We landed at … Charles de Gaulle airport in … Paris and were
met by … ambassador in … person.
19. … English of America differs from … English of Great Britain.
20. … recent survey showed that … Portuguese are very good nego-
tiators, … French admire hard work, … Germans are competitive
and ambitious, and … British prefer to work in the security of a group.
IV. Переведите на английский язык слова и выражения,
данные в скобках. Обратите внимание на употребление артиклей:
1. Associated Industries can supply (оборудование) you need.
2. (Анализ рынка) which you prepared omits a number of crucial
points.
3. That shop sells ready-made clothes at (полцены).
4. A bank is an institution which offers (финансовые услуги).
5. The company promised (хорошая зарплата) for the right person.
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6. Of (Семь) Wonders of the World, I’ve only visited the Pyramids.
7. He gave me (ценный совет) on how to invest my money.
8. (Резиденция Премьер-министра) is in Downing Street 10, close
to the Whitehall.
9. The aim to do some physical activity (три раза в неделю) is to
keep good health.
10. We reached (соглашение) with them to cooperate fully at all times.
11. That’s all very well, but you have failed to meet (условия конт-
ракта).
12. The company’s sales representative says that their hardware is in
(большой спрос) all over the world.
13. (Банк Ллойда) is one of the oldest banks in (Великобритания).
14. Could we discuss (вопрос) of exchange procedures after item four
on (повестка дня)?
15. (Экономика) is the study of how (товары и услуги) are pro-
duced and how they are distributed.
V. Дополните интервью между журналистом и исполнительным директором компании InfoTech, работающей в сфере информационных технологий. Используйте артикли a / an или the там, где это необходимо:
Journalist: Can you begin by telling me (1) … little about (2) … re-
cent changes at (3) … InfoTech?
CEO: Well, as you know, last year we made (4) … decision to move
our operations to (5) … Cambridge, because it’s very important
for (6) … IT companies to recruit (7) … scientists from (8) …
best universities. Er, we’re in (9) … very competitive job market here in Cambridge, and we motivate our employees by offering them (10) … attractive salaries and (11) … perfect working conditions. We’ve built up (12) … excellent team, and
we’re doing some very important research in (13) … field of
(14) … information processing.
Journalist: Many people say that (15) … information technology
promises more than it delivers. Is that true at InfoTech?
33
CEO: That may be true in general, but (16) … IT that we do is already
producing (17) … results. Last year we made (18) … small
profit for (19) … first time, and (20) … revenue is increasing
rapidly. Also, we’ve recently made (21) … distribution deal
with (22) … large IT company. They have the marketing skills
that we lack, and (23) … partnership is working well for both
sides. Our aim next year is to enter (24) … American market,
and we’re confident of (25) … success.
VI. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, обращая внимание на употребление артиклей:
1. What profession did you choose? Why?
2. Is Bill Gates a rich man yet?
3. When do you prefer to work?
4. What kind of state is the United Kingdom?
5. Your principal is a highly qualified specialist, isn’t he?
6. Where would you prefer to live?
7. You look rather pale. Have you got a headache?
8. When do people look for a job?
9. You need a visa to visit some foreign countries, don’t you?
10. What car would you like to have?
11. I phoned you yesterday but nobody answered. Did you go on a
business trip?
12. What countries are situated in Europe?
13. Are you always right? Are you wrong sometimes?
14. Is planning one of the management functions?
15. What are the key components for success in business?
VII. Представьте, что вы известный политик, который рассказывает своим избирателям о планах своей
партии в случае, если она победит на предстоящих
выборах. Расскажите о пожилых людях и детях, бедных и богатых, безработных и больных и т.д.
Например: We will make sure that the elderly have a better
quality of life and have access to the best medical services.
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3. МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
Личные, притяжательные и возвратные местоимения
Личные Притяжательные
именитель-
ный падеж
кто? что?
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
объектный
падеж
кого? кому?
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
зависимая
форма
чей?
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
независи-
мая форма
чей?
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
Возврат-
ные
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
− He works every day. I met them at the business meeting. It’s me.
− This is my office. = This office is mine. A customer of ours (our
customer) is coming to see us.
− Ms Harrison introduced herself to me. I prepared the report by
myself (on my own). He was courtesy itself.
− Enjoy yourself! Help yourself to salad, please. Make yourself at
home.
Примечания:
9 Местоимение she (her) иногда используется при обозначении
стран как политических (не географических) единиц: Britain
needs new leadership if she is to help shape Europe’s future. Last
year Belarus increased her exports by 10%.
9 В случае невозможности или при отсутствии необходимости
указывать пол упомянутого ранее человека, употребляется
личное местоимение they или словосочетание he or she: No-
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body likes to be reminded of the duties they have (= he or she
has) to perform.
9 Возвратные местоимения не употребляются после глаголов:
afford, apologise, behave, complain, concentrate, feel, hurry,
marry, meet, relax, sell, worry и др.: How do you feel? I am try-
ing to concentrate. He can’t afford to pay the lawyer’s fees.
Указательные местоимения
ед. ч. мн. ч.
this – это, эта, этот
that – то, та, тот
Примечания:
these – эти
those – те
9 Местоимения this, these указывают на предметы, находящие-
ся в непосредственной близости к собеседнику, в то время
как that, those указывают на более отдалённые предметы:
“Is that the service department?” “No, this is the technical de-
partment.” Did you understand those figures? I really can’t see
how she got these results.
9 This или that могут указывать на что-либо уже известное го-
ворящему: He said he had missed his flight
about that.
. He was very upset
9 That или those могут заменять существительное во избежа-
ние его повторения. В этом случае после местоимения может
стоять ограничительное определение: They think that the un-
employed can change not only their lives
, but those of others.
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Неопределённые местоимения
Местоиме-
ние
SOME
какой-то,
некоторые;
немного,
несколько
ANY
никакой;
какой-нибудь;
любой
NO
никакой
Some man is waiting for you.
Some people are workaholics.
The plans were made some weeks
+
ago.
Somebody is knocking at the
door.
Would you like something to
drink? (предложение)
?
May I have some time to think it
over? (просьба)
There isn’t any money left.
–
I’m not expecting anyone.
Do you have any other
?
ideas?
Is there anybody here?
Choose any model you like.
+
I’m so hungry that I’ll eat any-
thing.
We have no (= not any) time to
discuss your proposal.
–
Nobody was informed
about it.
Примеры Производные
some-body – кто-то
one – кто-то
thing – что-то
where – где-то
any-body – кто-то
one – кто-то
thing – что-то
where – где-то
no-body – никто
one – никто
thing – ничто
where – нигде
Примечания:
9 Местоимение any употребляется вместо some в предложени-
ях, содержащих слова с отрицательным значением: except,
hardly, little, never, seldom, without; deny, fail, forbid, object,
prevent, prohibit, refuse, reject и др.: He left without any money.
This will prevent any further damage.
37
9 В сочетании с предлогом of используются местоимения some,
any, none, а не их производные: any of you, some of my col-
leagues, none of the suppliers.
9 Местоимения somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody,
no one сочетаются с глаголом в единственном числе, при
этом заменяющие их местоимения – местоимения множественного числа – they, them, their, themselves: Someone has
forgotten their briefcase, haven’t they? Производные местоимения something, anything, nothing соотносятся с местоимением it: Nothing is being done to solve the problem, is it?
-- MANY ?
с исчисл. сущ.
– How many people were there at the conference?
– We haven’t made much progress recently.
– We’ve spent a lot of time on this project.
Примечания:
МНОГО
-- MUCH ?
с неисчисл. сущ.
+ A LOT OF
(plenty of, lots of)
9 Местоимения many и much употребляются в
утвердительных предложениях:
– в сочетании с наречиями so, as, too, very, how: Businesses
have so many problems these days. I regret spending so much
money.
– в значении «многие», «многое», «значительная часть»:
Many (people) were caused to leave their jobs. Much depends
on your reputation.
9 Much и a lot (без предлога of) могут употребляться в роли
наречия: Thank you very much for your assistance. We paid a
lot for their services.
38
НЕМНОГО
МАЛО
A FEW
с исчисл.
A LITTLE
с неисчисл.
FEW
с исчисл.
LITTLE
с неисчисл.
– Few employees enjoy being appraised.
– There is little we can do about it, we’ll just have to wait and see.
– Could you spare me a few minutes?
– I’ve got a little cash on me, but not much.
Примечания:
9 Местоимения few и little могут использоваться в сочетании с
наречиями so, as, too, very, how: We have had too little support
from the bank and very few enquiries from our customers.
9 Местоимения a few и a little сочетаются с наречиями only и
just: Only a few (of the guests) arrived on time.
9 Местоимение a few в сочетании с наречием quite имеет
значение «довольно много»: I have quite a few things to do be-
fore my departure.
9 Little и a little могут употребляться в
роли наречия: We did
too little to improve the situation. You will have to wait a little.
both (of)
(+)
both … and
either (of)
either … or
neither (of)
(+)
neither …
nor
none of
оба
как … так и
любой из двух
или … или
ни тот, ни дру-
гой (из двух)
ни … ни
никто, ничто,
ни один из
Both e-mails / both the e-mails / both of
the e-mails / both of them are important.
Both Chief Executive and his deputy were
there.
We can accept either solution (either of the
solutions).
We will have to either launch the product
now or wait till the spring.
I’m afraid that neither solution (neither of
the solutions) is acceptable to us.
Unfortunately neither the documents nor
the letters are ready yet.
None of the employees have more than 25
days’ paid holiday.
39
Обобщающие местоимения
ВСЁ
EVERYTHING
EVERYBODY
WHOLE
+ исчисл. в ед. ч
ALL + неисчисл./
исчисл. в мн.ч.
− We did everything that was possible to avoid bankruptcy.
− Everyone who is against this suggestion should give their reasons
briefly.
− There will be an appraisal of the whole department next week and
all the staff will be interviewed.
− All formal meetings are a waste of time in his opinion.
− All (= the only thing) we need is the chief’s signature.
КАЖДЫЙ
EACH
EVERY
9 each означает «каждый в отдельности», «один за другим» и
употребляется по отношению к ограниченному числу предметов; every имеет более общее значение, приближающееся к
значению «все», и употребляется для указания на неограниченное число предметов, которые рассматриваются как единая, целая группа: I visited each my customer. I visited every
company in the town.
9 each чаще используется для обозначения небольшого количе-
ства, для двух предметов; every характерно для больших чисел: Each manager has a personnel role in relation to his or her
staff. Sales have increased every year for the last five years.
9 each of, но every one of: I greeted each of the customers. I greeted
every one of the customers. Сравните: I greeted everyone.
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