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Файл:Грамматика английского языка. Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов высших учебных заведений экономического профиля
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4. ИМЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ. НАРЕЧИЕ
ИМЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ
По своему значению прилагательные делятся на:
9 качественные – обозначают признаки предмета, которые
отличают один предмет от другого по форме (round), по раз-
меру (large), по свойству (soft), по цвету (black), по вкусу
(sweet), по весу (heavy) и т.д. Эти качества могут быть при-
сущи предмету в большей или меньшей
степени, поэтому качественные прилагательные имеют формы степеней сравнения.
9 относительные – передают такие признаки, которые не мо-
гут быть в предмете в большей или меньшей степени. Обычно они обозначают материал, из которого сделан предмет
(golden), сферу деятельности (medical), а также пространст-
венные (rural) и временные (daily) признаки предмета
. Относительные прилагательные не имеют степеней сравнения и не
сочетаются с наречием very.
Степени сравнения прилагательных
Прилага-
тельные
односложные
дву- и
трёхсложные
Положитель-
ная степень
rich
big
famous
economical
Сравнительная
степень
прилагательное
+ -er
richer
bigger
more +
прилагательное
more famous
more economical
Превосходная
степень
прилагательное
+ -est
richest
biggest
most +
прилагательное
most famous
most economical
51
best
worst
most
least
исключения
good
bad
many / much
little
better
worse
more
less
Примечания:
9 Односложные прилагательные real, right, wrong, а также те,
которые заканчиваются на -ed (или соответствуют третьей
форме неправильных глаголов), например, bored, tired, worn,
образуют степени сравнения с помощью more / most: real –
more real – most real, tired – more tired – most tired.
9 Многие двусложные прилагательные могут образовывать
степени сравнения как при помощи слов more / most, так и
посредством суффиксов -er / -est:
angry – angrier / more angry – angriest / most angry
clever – cleverer / more clever – cleverest / most clever
polite – politer / more polite – politest / most polite
simple – simpler / more simple – simplest / most simple
Особые случаи образования степеней сравнения
некоторых прилагательных
old
farther – farthest
far
further – furthest
nearer – nearest
near
52
Степени
сравнения
older – oldest
elder – eldest старший (в семье)
nearer – next
Значение Примеры
старший
(по возрасту)
более далекий
(по расстоянию)
дополнительный,
дальнейший
ближайший
(по расстоянию)
следующий
(по порядку)
Mr Nickleton is the oldest
of the staffers.
My elder brother is a
computer software developer.
His office is farther
(= further) away than mine.
For further information
contact Mr Snowdon.
Where’s the nearest postoffice?
The next train arrives in 5
minutes.
late
later – latest
latter – the last
более поздний –
последний
(по времени)
второй
(из упомянутых) –
последний
(по порядку)
НАРЕЧИЯ
I prefer her later works.
Have you heard the latest
news?
Mr Samuel and Mr Pierson entered the room; the
former was the sales representative and the latter
was his assistant.
He was the last to come.
По своему значению наречия делятся на:
9 наречия места: inside, here, below, where и т. д.;
9 наречия времени: today, then, when, never, lately, yet и т. д.;
9 наречия образа действия: well, fast, loudly, nicely и т. д.;
9 наречия меры и степени: very, much, enough, too, so, almost и т. д.
Степени сравнения наречий
Наречия Положительная Сравнительная Превосходная
односложные
early
двусложные и
производные
исключения
fast
early
seldom
clearly
well
badly
little
much
far
faster
earlier
more seldom
more clearly
better
worse
less
more
farther / further
fastest
earliest
most seldom
most clearly
best
worst
least
most
farthest /
furthest
53
Сравнительные конструкции с прилагательными
и наречиями
Конструкция Перевод Примеры
с прилагательными и наречиями в положительной степени
No other secretary is as effi-
as … as
as … as possible
not so / as … as
twice as … as
three times as …
as
half as … as
less / the least
с прилагательными и наречиями в сравнительной степени
than
much, a lot, far
a little, a bit, a lit-
tle bit
the … the …
такой же … как
как можно …
не такой … как
в два / три раза …
в два раза менее
… чем
менее / наименее
чем
намного, гораздо
немного
чем … тем …
cient as mine. He came as
quickly as he could.
The message must be as short
as possible.
Reply to this letter as soon as
possible.
My salary is not so high as
yours.
You don’t work as effectively
as she does.
This car is twice as expensive
as that.
He earns three times as much
as I do.
This model is half as cheap as
that one.
She is paid half as much as
her husband.
This is the least effective
method.
You should take it less seriously.
His business is more successful than mine.
Women live longer than men.
He is much more experienced.
It is a lot safer to obey than to
rule.
The new version is a little
better than the old one. Try to
speak a bit more quietly.
The more you give, the more
you get.
54
Особенности употребления некоторых прилагательных и наречий
1. Следующие наречия не отличаются по форме от прилагательных: fast, long, far, little, much, early, daily, weekly,
monthly, straight, hard, late и др.: It’s a hard decision. He’s
working very hard at the moment.
2. Следующие слова являются прилагательными, хотя по
внешним признакам напоминают наречия: costly, masterly,
orderly, timely, elderly, friendly, likely, lively, lonely. Для образования соответствующих им наречий используются конструкции: in a friendly way, in a timely manner.
3. В английском языке после глаголов-связок употребляются
только прилагательные. В качестве
глагола-связки могут
употребляться следующие глаголы состояния и чувственного
восприятия: appear (выглядеть), be (быть), become (становиться), feel (чувствовать себя), get (становиться), grow (становиться), look (выглядеть), seem (казаться), sound (звучать),
stay (оставаться), turn (становиться): He is terribly busy at the
moment. I feel bad. You look great! It is getting late. His voice
sounded strange.
Примечание:
Некоторые из вышеперечисленных глаголов могут являться
смысловыми глаголами, а не глаголами-связками. При этом они
имеют другое значение и сочетаются с наречиями, а не с прилагательными. К таким глаголам относятся: appear (появляться),
grow (расти), look (смотреть), turn (поворачивать). Сравните: He
looked nervous. He looked around nervously.
4. После наречия so употребляется прилагательное или наречие,
such требует после себя существительного в сочетании с
прилагательным: This equipment is so expensive. He speaks so
loudly. It was such an interesting meeting.
So + many, much, few, little: There were so many participants
at the conference. Such + a lot of: We have such a lot of orders
that we cannot deal with all of them.
55
5. Следующие наречия имеют две формы и разное значение:
close – близко closely – внимательно
deep – глубоко (прям.) deeply – глубоко (перен. о чувствах)
fine – отлично
free – бесплатно
finely – тонко
freely – свободно, легко
hard – усердно hardly – едва
high – высоко highly – весьма, высоко (о стоимости)
just – как раз
late – поздно
justly – справедливо
lately – недавно
most – очень, весьма mostly – главным образом
near – близко nearly – почти
sharp – ровно, точно sharply – резко, зло
wide – широко widely – повсеместно
Например: I could hardly believe my eyes. You work too hard!
What have you been doing lately? He arrived too late.
I. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. The new Personnel Director set about creating a (better / best)
atmosphere among the employees.
2. This year our sales figures are (worse / worst) than last year.
3. Please, send me your (last / latest) catalogue and price list.
4. Mr. Smith refused to accept the proposal of Mr. Jones, and the
(latter / later) had to apply to court.
5. They realized their plan without (farther / further) difficulties.
6. If any company can provide (more attractive / most attractive)
terms, we will contact them right away.
7. Nowadays e-mail is a lot (more efficient / most efficient) than
sending P-mail.
8. Foreign exchange markets are far (more volatile / most volatile)
and unpredictable than commodities markets.
9. The production of hi-tech instruments is one of (the most rapidly /
more rapidly) growing industries nowadays.
10. You don’t remember some details. You should study the papers
(more closely / closer).
56
11. Investors are becoming (more and more / most and most) sophis-
ticated.
12. Putting the (most good / best) applicants for the job on a shortlist
enables us to select the (most suitable / more suitable) candidate.
13. The guarantee is a year (longer than / longest that) with our (older /
elder) models.
14. (The bigger / The biggest) the company and (the larger / the larg-
est) its costs, (the greater / the greatest) the opportunity to see
tremendous efficiencies.
15. She earns twice (as much / more) as me although she’s only half
(as well-qualified / better qualified).
II. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. I checked the form (careful / carefully) but didn’t notice the mis-
take.
2. There’s been a lot of talk about European integration (late / lately).
3. The position of a legal adviser is (currently / current) vacant.
4. It’s (such / so) an absurd idea that I don’t think we should con-
sider it.
5. If he had invested (most / mostly) of his money in stocks, he
would have done a lot better.
6. The skilled workers in the Production Department are (good /
well) paid.
7. It is discouraging to see how (bad / badly) the affairs of our nation
are sometimes managed.
8. He’s a (high / highly) qualified specialist like most of our em-
ployees.
9. Overtime bonus is a payment made to employees when they work
(more longly / longer) than regular working hours.
10. When running business correspondence, make sure the envelope
is (correctly / correct) addressed.
11. Our new Project Manager is (deep / deeply) involved in his job.
12. That part of the work was performed (easy / easily) enough.
13. The best things in life are (freely / free).
57
14. (Hard / Hardly) had we finished negotiating the terms of the cont-
ract when the CEO arrived.
15. People who are paid a monthly salary often pay their bills (in a
monthly way / monthly).
III. Раскройте скобки, употребив прилагательное или
наречие в соответствующей степени сравнения. Обратите внимание на употребление артикля the:
1. The conference was a little disappointing. It was (interesting)
than I expected.
2. We can certainly offer (low) prices than any other local supplier.
3. The service in this restaurant isn’t as (good) as it used to be.
4. We have the second (large) market share in Europe.
5. The first round of negotiations was easy. The next will be (difficult).
6. Korea is one of (fast) developing countries in the world.
7. There was a small adjustment in the product to make it (accept-
able) to the consumers.
8. My salary is much (high) than it used to be and I can afford to buy
a new car.
9. Even (carefully) prepared plans can go wrong.
10. Nothing makes me (angry) than waiting on the phone and trying
to decide whether to wait (long) or hang up.
11. She is as (contemporary) as the Greenwich Time signal and as
(punctual) a tax demand.
12. There’s (many and many) investment in China every year.
13. Our new product is a little (expensive), but the quality is a lot (good).
14. Lately the cost of living has been increasing; goods and services
are not so (low-priced) as they used to be.
15. (Far) ahead one plans, (many) problems one can anticipate and
thus avoid them.
16. Being the chairman, Mr. Wright is (powerful) person on the
committee.
17. In the IT sector people have to work (hard and hard) to get pro-
motion.
18. This device uses much (little) electric energy than the previous
one. It is far (economical).
58
19. German is quite a useful language if you are in business in Europe
but it is not half as (easy) to learn as English and people say it
doesn’t sound as (pleasant) as English.
20. (Fast) we can improve quality, (profitable) we will become.
IV. В каждом предложении найдите и исправьте ошибку:
1. Could you talk a little slowlier?
2. It was so a risky project that we decided to cancel it.
3. The unskilled workers in our company are the lowliest paid be-
cause they need no training for their jobs.
4. Their company is just as large than ours.
5. This year’s profits will be even more higher than last year’s.
6. The negotiation was such tense that we had to call a short break.
7. You work much harder as I do.
8. The Director is in hospital because he has been working too hardly.
9. The meeting wasn’t very useful. It was much little useful than last
week’s.
10. My last job was in software programming but actually I work in
quality control.
V. Дополните статью о существующих видах капиталовложений, употребляя прилагательные в скобках в
сравнительной или превосходной степени сравнения:
Investment Choices: Risk and Reward
In this report we’re going to look at the three main types of in-
vestments: cash (in bank accounts), bonds (long-term loans that give a
fixed rate of return) and stocks (equities).
The (1) (safe) is cash, and the fact that this has less risk than the
others means that it also has a (2) (low) return.
If you want a (3) (good) return you should consider bonds. These
are fixed interest investments, and are a (4) (attractive) option than
cash, particularly when interest rates are falling.
The (5) (risky) form of investment is stocks. They offer the
chance of much (6) (great) profits over the long term, but you might
make a loss if the company does badly. The (7) (bad) case scenario is
that the company goes bankrupt and you lose everything. You can
59
reduce the risk by investing in a fund rather than individual stocks.
Funds that invest in developed economies are a (8) (sensible) choice
for most people, as the markets have more liquidity and it is (9) (easy)
for the fund manager to buy and sell. But there are also emerging
market funds that invest in countries like China, India or Turkey. These markets are only for the (10) (aggressive) investors of all as they
have much (11) (high) volatility.
So what is the (12) (good) solution? Most financial advisors rec-
ommend a balance. In the middle of your career you can afford to
have a (13) (large) part of your investments as stocks, perhaps
60–80%, with some bonds for stability and cash for emergencies. As
you get (14) (near) retirement you should consider switching most of
your money to bonds, and increasing your available cash.
VI. Представьте, что ваша компания собирается арендовать помещение. Варианты, которые у вас есть,
представлены в таблице. Проведите сравнительный
анализ существующих вариантов и дополните предложения, используя следующие выражения:
a lot almost as many roughly the same slightly larger
not nearly more than twice considerably less
by far slightly less almost as much
Possible new
premises
Business Centre
“Minsk-City”
Business Centre
“XXI century”
Business centre
“Aquabell”
size
(square
metres)
285 500 120 000 4
300 350 125 000 12
310 200 105 000 20
rent
per square
metre ($)
running costs
per year ($)
distance from city
centre (km)
1. The three options are all about the same size, but Aquabell is …
2. The running costs at Minsk-City and XXI century are …
3. The running costs at Aquabell are … than the other two places.
4. There are … square metres at Minsk-City as at XXI century.
5. There’s … space at Minsk-City as at XXI century.
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