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Русские классики в западноевропейских переводах. Учебное пособие по переводу в хрестоматийном изложении

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‘Thank God!’saidMatvey,showingbythisresponsethathe, likehis master,realizedthesignicanceofthisarrival—thatis,thatAnnaArkady­evna,thesisterhewassofondof,mightbringaboutareconciliationbetween husbandandwife.
‘Alone,orwithherhusband?’inquiredMatvey.
StepanArkadyevitchcouldnotanswer,asthebarberwasatworkonhis upperlip,andheraisedonenger.Matveynoddedatthelooking-glass.
‘Alone.Istheroomtobegotreadyupstairs?’
‘Inform Darya Alexandrovna:whereshe orders.’‘Darya Alexandrov­na?’Matveyrepeated,asthoughindoubt.
‘Yes,informher.Here,takethetelegram;giveittoher,andthendowhat shetellsyou.’
‘Youwanttotryiton,’Matveyunderstood,butheonlysaid,‘Yessir.’
StepanArkadyevitchwasalreadywashedandcombedandreadytobe dressed,whenMatvey,steppingdeliberatelyinhiscreakyboots,cameback intotheroomwiththetelegraminhishand.Thebarberhadgone.
‘DaryaAlexandrovnatoldmetoinformyouthatsheisgoingaway.Let himdo—thatisyou—ashelikes,’hesaid,laughingonlywithhiseyes, andputtinghishandsinhispockets,hewatchedhismasterwithhisheadon oneside.StepanArkadyevitchwassilentaminute.Thenagood-humored andratherpitifulsmileshoweditselfonhishandsomeface.
‘Eh,Matvey?’hesaid,shakinghishead.
‘It’sallright,sir;shewillcomeround,’saidMatvey.
‘Comeround?’
‘Yes,sir.’
‘Doyouthinkso?Who’sthere?’askedStepanArkadyevitch,hearingthe rustleofawoman’sdressatthedoor.‘It’sI,’saidarm,pleasant,woman’s voice,andthestern,pockmarkedfaceofMatronaPhilimonovna,thenurse, wasthrustinatthedoorway.
‘Well,whatisit, Matrona?’queriedStepanArkadyevitch,goingupto heratthedoor.
AlthoughStepanArkadyevitchwascompletelyin thewrongasre­gardshiswife,andwasconsciousofthishimself,almosteveryoneinthe house(eventhenurse,DaryaAlexandrovna’schiefally)wasonhisside.
‘Well,whatnow?’heaskeddisconsolately.
‘Gotoher,sir;ownyourfaultagain.MaybeGod willaidyou.Sheis sufferingso,it’ssadtoheeher;andbesides,everythinginthehouseistop-
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sy-turvy.Youmusthavepity,sir,onthechildren.Begherforgiveness,sir. There’snohelpforit!Onemusttaketheconsequences..’
‘Butshewon’tseeme.’
‘Youdoyourpart.Godismerciful;praytoGod,sir,praytoGod.’
‘Come,that’lldo,youcango,’saidStepanArkadyevitch,blushingsud­denly.‘Wellnow,dodressme.’HeturnedtoMatveyandthrewoffhisdress­ing-gowndecisively.
Matveywasalreadyholdinguptheshirtlikeahorse’scollar,and,blow­ingoff someinvisiblespeck,heslippeditwithobviouspleasureoverthe well-groomedbodyofhismaster.

When he was dressed, StepanArkadyevitch sprinkled some scenton himself,pulleddownhisshirt-cuffs, distributedinto hispocketshisciga­rettes,pocketbook,matches,andwatchwithitsdoublechainandseals,and shaking outhishandkerchief,feelinghimselfclean,fragrant,healthy,and physicallyatease,inspiteofhisunhappiness,hewalkedwithaslightswing oneachlegintothedining-room,wherecoffeewasalreadywaitingforhim, andbesidethecoffee,lettersandpapersfromtheofce.
Heread the letters. Onewasveryunpleasant,froma merchant whowas buyingaforestonhiswife’sproperty.Tosellthisforestwasabsolutelyessential; butatpresent,untilhewasreconciledwithhiswife,thesubjectcouldnotbedis­cussed.Themostunpleasantthingofallwasthathispecuniaryinterestsshould inthiswayenterintothequestionofhisreconciliationwithhiswife.Andthe ideathathemightbeletonbyhisinterests,thathemightseekareconciliation withhiswifeonaccountofthesaleoftheforest—thatideahurthim.Whenhe hadnishedhisletters,StepanArkadyevitchmovedtheofce-paperscloseto him,rapidlylookedthroughtwopiecesofbusiness,madeafewnoteswithabig pencil,andpushingawaythepapers,turnedtohiscoffee.Ashesippedhiscof­fee,heopenedastilldampmorningpaper,andbeganreadingit.
StepanArkadyevitchtookin andreada liberal paper,notanextreme one,butoneadvocatingtheviewsheldbythemajority.Andinspiteofthe factthatscience,art,andpoliticshadnospecialinterestforhim,hermly heldthoseviewsonallthesesubjectswhichwereheldbythemajorityand byhispaper,andheonlychangedthemwhenthemajoritychangedthem— or,morestrictlyspeaking,hedidnotchangethem,buttheyimperceptibly changedofthemselveswithinhim.
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StepanArkadyevitchhadnotchosenhispoliticalopinionsorhisviews; thesepoliticalopinionsandviewshadcometohim ofthemselves,justas hedidnotchoosetheshapesofhishatandcoat,butsimplytookthosethat werebeingworn.Andforhim,livinginacertainsocietyowingtotheneed, ordinarilydevelopedatyearsofdiscretion,forsomedegreeofmentalactiv­ity—tohaveviewswasjustasindispensableastohaveahat.Iftherewas areason forhis preferring liberal toconservativeviews,whichwereheld alsobymanyofhiscircle,itarosenotfromhisconsideringliberalismmore rational,butfromitsbeingincloseraccordancewithhismanneroflife.The liberalpartysaidthatinRussiaeverythingiswrong,andcertainlyStepan Arkadyevitchhadmanydebtsandwasdecidedlyshortofmoney.Theliberal partysaidthatmarriageisaninstitutionquiteoutofdate,andthatitneeds reconstruction;andfamilylifecertainlyaffordedStepanArkadyevitchlittle gratication,andforcedhimintolyingandhypocrisy,whichwassorepul­siveto hisnature.The liberalparty said,orratherallowedittobeunder­stood, that religionis only acurb tokeepincheckthe barbarous classes ofthepeople;andStepanArkadyevitchcouldnotgetthroughevenashort servicewithouthislegsachingfromstandingup,andcouldnevermakeout whatwastheobjectofalltheterribleandhigh-ownlanguageaboutanother worldwhenlifemightbesoveryamusinginthisworld.Andwithallthis, StepanArkadyevitch,wholikedajoke,wasfondofpuzzlingaplainmanby sayingthatifhepridedhimselfonhisorigin,heoughtnottostopatRurik anddisowntherstfounderofhisfamily—themonkey.AndsoLiberalism hadbecomeahabitofStepanArkadyevitch’s,andhelikedhisnewspaper,as hedidhiscigarafterdinner,fortheslightfogitdiffusedinhisbrain.Heread theleadingarticle,inwhichitwasmaintainedthatitwasquitesenselessin ourdayto raise an outcry that radicalism wasthreateningtoswallow up allconservativeelements,andthatthegovernmentoughttotakemeasures tocrushtherevolutionaryhydra;that,onthecontrary,‘inouropinionthe dangerliesnotinthatfantasticrevolutionaryhydra,butintheobstinacyof traditionalismclogging progress,’etc.,etc. Heread another article,too, a nancialone,whichalludedtoBenthamandMill,anddroppedsomeinnu­endoesreectingontheministry.Withhischaracteristicquickwittedness hecaughtthedriftofeachinnuendo,divinedwhenceitcame,atwhomand onwhatgrounditwasaimed,andthataffordedhim, asitalwaysdid, a certainsatisfaction.ButtodaythatsatisfactionwasembitteredbyMatrona Philimonovna’sadviceandtheunsatisfactorystateofthehousehold.He
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read,too,thatCountBeistwasrumoredtohaveleftforWiesbaden,and thatoneneedhavenomoregrayhair,andofthesaleofalightcarriage, andofayoungpersonseekingasituation;buttheseitemsofinformation didnotgivehim,asusual,aquiet,ironicalgratication.Havingnished thepaper,asecondcupofcoffeeandarollandbutter,hegotup,shaking thecrumbsoftherolloffhiswaistcoat;and,squaringhisbroadchest,he smiledjoyously:notbecausetherewasanythingparticularlyagreeablein hismind—thejoyoussmilewasevokedbyagooddigestion.
Butthisjoyoussmileatoncerecalledeverythingtohim,andhegrew thoughtful.
Twochildishvoices(StepanArkadyevitchrecognizedthevoicesofGri­sha,hisyoungestboy,andTanya,hiseldestgirl)wereheardoutsidethedoor. Theywerecarryingsomething,anddroppedit.
‘Itoldyounottositpassengersontheroof,’saidthelittlegirlinEnglish; ‘there,pickthemup!’
‘Everything’sinconfusion,’thoughtStepanArkadyevitch;‘therearethechil­drenrunningaboutbythemselves.’Andgoingtothedoor,hecalledthem.They threwdownthebox,thatrepresentedatrain,andcameintotheirfather.
Thelittlegirl,herfather’sfavorite,ranupboldly,embracedhim,andhung laughinglyonhisneck,enjoyingasshealwaysdidthesmellofscentthatcame fromhiswhiskers.Atlastthelittlegirlkissedhisface,whichwasushedfrom hisstoopingpostureandbeamingwithtenderness,loosedherhands,andwas abouttorunawayagain;butherfatherheldherback.‘Howismamma?’he asked, passinghishandover his daughter’ssmooth, softlittleneck.‘Good morning,’hesaid,smilingtotheboy,whohadcomeuptogreethim.Hewas consciousthathelovedtheboyless,andalwaystriedtobefair;buttheboyfelt it,anddidnotrespondwithasmiletohisfather’schillysmile.
‘Mamma?Sheisup,’answeredthegirl.
StepanArkadyevitchsighed.‘Thatmeansthatshe’snotsleptagainall night,’hethought.
‘Well,isshecheerful?’
The little girl knew that there was a quarrel between her father and mother,andthathermothercouldnotbecheerful,andthatherfathermust beawareofthis,andthathewaspretendingwhenheaskedaboutitsolight­ly.Andsheblushedforherfather.Heatonceperceivedit,andblushedtoo.
‘Idon’tknow,’shesaid.‘Shedidnotsaywemustdoourlessons,butshe saidweweretogoforawalkwithMissHooletograndmamma’s.’
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‘Well,go,Tanya,mydarling.Oh,waitaminute,though,’hesaid,still holdingher and stroking her softlittlehand. Hetook off the matelpiece, wherehehadputityesterday,alittleboxofsweets,andgavehertwo,pick­ingoutherfavorites,achocolateandafondant.
‘ForGrisha?’saidthelittlegirl,pointingtothechocolate.
‘Yes,yes.’Andstillstrokingherlittleshoulder,hekissedherontheroots ofherehairandneck,andlethergo.
‘Thecarriageis ready,’saidMatvey;‘butthere’ssomeonetoseeyou withapetition.’
‘Beenherelong?’askedStepanArkadyevitch.
‘Halfanhour.’
‘HowmanytimeshaveItoldyoutotellmeatonce?’
‘Onemustletyoudrinkyourcoffeeinpeace,atleast,’saidMatvey,in theaffectionatelygrufftonewithwhichitwasimpossibletobeangry.
‘Well,showthepersonupatonce,’saidOblonsky,frowningwithvexation.
Thepetitioner,thewidowofastaffcaptainKalinin,camewitharequest impossibleandunreasonable;butStepanArkadyevitch,ashegenerallydid, madehersitdown,heardhertotheendattentivelywithoutinterruptingher, andgaveherdetailedadviceastohowandtowhomtoapply,andevenwrote her,inhislarge, sprawling,goodandlegiblehand, acondentand uent littlenotetoapersonagewhomightbeofusetoher.Havinggotridofthe staffcaptain’swidow,StepanArkadyevitchtookhishatandstoppedtorec­ollectwhetherhehadforgottenanything.Itappearedthathehadforgotten nothingexceptwhathewantedtoforget—hiswife.
‘Ah,yes!’Hebowedhishead, andhishandsomefaceassumed aha­rassedexpression.‘Togo,ornottogo!’hesaidtohimself;andaninnervoice toldhim hemustnot go,thatnothingcould comeofitbut falsity;that to amend,tosetrighttheirrelationswasimpossible,becauseitwasimpossible tomakeherattractiveagainandabletoinspirelove,ortomakehimanold man,notsusceptibletolove.Exceptdeceitandlyingnothingcouldcomeof itnow;anddeceitandlyingwereopposedtohisnature.
‘Itmustbesometime,though:itcan’tgoonlikethis,’hesaid,tryingto givehimself courage. He squared his chest, took out a cigarette, took two whiffsatit,ungitintoamother-of-pearlashtray,andwithrapidstepswalked throughthedrawingroom,andopenedtheotherdoorintohiswife’sbedroom.
(TranslatedbyConstanceGarnett)
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Зада ни я по текстам
1.Изучитебиографиюписателяииспользуйте фактыизеголич-
нойжизниитворческойдеятельностивпереводческомкомментарии.
2.Найдитевпереводномтекстепримерыпереводческихтрансфор-
мацийипрокомментируйтеих:
а) Лексические трансформации (выпишите примеры
конкретизации,генерализации,дифференциации,калькирова­ниязначений,синонимическихзамениописательногоперево­да,антонимическогоперевода;найдитепримерыкомпенсации потерь,возникающихвпроцессеперевода,а такжевсмысло­вомразвитииицелостномпреобразовании).
б) Грамматическиетрансформации(выпишитепримерыпереста-
новок,опущения идобавления,перестройкиизамены частей речииличленовпредложения).
в) Стилистическиетрансформации(выпишитепримерыперевода
индивидуальныхстилистическихособенностей,троповидру­гихсредствприданиявыразительностивысказыванию).
3.Присоставлениипереводческогокомментарияобратитевнима-
ниенаследующиеособенностиперевода:
а)Использованиестилистическихприемов.
б)Использованиесинтаксическихфигурвстилистическихцелях.
в)Переводреалийинациональногоколорита.
4.Переведитеданныйотрывокнафранцузский/английскийязык
исравнитеегоспереводами,предложеннымивпособии:
Если и была причина,почемуон предпочитал либеральное на­правление консервативному,какого держались тоже многие из его круга,тоэтопроизошлонеоттого,чтобоннаходиллиберальноена­правлениеболееразумным, нопотому,чтооно подходилоближек его образу жизни. Либеральная партия говорила, что в России все дурно,идействительно,уСтепанаАркадьичадолговбыломного,а денег решительно недоставало. Либеральная партия говорила, что бракестьотжившееучреждениеичтонеобходимоперестроитьего, идействительно,семейнаяжизньдоставляламалоудовольствияСте-
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пану Аркадьичуи принуждалаеголгатьи притворяться, что было такпротивноегонатуре.Либеральнаяпартияговорила,или,лучше, подразумевала, что религияесть толькоузда дляварварскойчасти населения, и действительно, Степан Аркадьич не могвынести без боливногахдажекороткогомолебнаинемогпонять,кчемувсеэти страшныеи высокопарныесловаотомсвете,когдаи наэтом жить былобыоченьвесело.
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

Anton Pavlovitch Tchekhov (néle 17janvier/29 janvier[?] 1860 à Taganrog (Russie)etmortle2juillet/15juillet1904àBadenweiler-Allemagne),estunnou­vellisteetdramaturgerusse,médecindeprofession.Amid’IvanBounine,Maxime Gorki,LéonTolstoï,FédorChaliapine,AlexeïSouvorine,ilestl’oncledeMikhaïl Tchekhov,lsdesonfrèreAlexandreetdeNataliaGolden,etdiscipledeConstan­tinStanislavski.
AntonPavlovitchTchekhovestnéle29janvier1860(calendriergrégorien), àTaganrog,auborddelamerd'Azov,enRussie.Sesparentssontdespetitscom­merçants. D’unereligiositéexcessive,son pèreestun homme violent,ls d'un affranchi.AntonTchekhovétudielamédecineàl'universitédeMoscouetcom­mence àexercer à partir de1884.Se sentant responsable desafamille, venue s’installeràMoscouaprèslafaillitedupère,ilchercheàaugmentersesrevenus enpubliantdes nouvellesdansdiversjournaux. Le succèsarriveassez vite.Il ressenttrèstôtlespremierseffetsdelatuberculose,quil’obligeraàdenombreux déplacementsaucoursdesaviepourtenterdetrouverunclimatquiluiconvienne mieuxqueceluideMoscou.
Bienquerépugnantàtoutengagementpolitique,ilseratoujoursextrêmement sensible àla misère d’autrui. En 1890, en dépit desa maladie, il entreprend un séjourd'unanaubagnedeSakhalineandeportertémoignagesurlesconditions d’existencedesbagnards.L'îledeSakhalineparaitraàpartirde1893.Toutesavie,il multiplieraainsilesactionsdebienfaisance(constructiond’écoles,exercicegratuit delamédecine,etc.).
Ses nouvelles d’abord, son théâtreensuite, lefont reconnaitre deson vivant commeunedesgloiresnationalesrusses,àl’égald’unDostoievskioud’unTolstoï.
Aprèsavoirlongtempsrepoussétouteperspectivedemariage,ilsedécide,en 1901,àépouserOlgaLeonardovnaKnipper(1870-1959),actriceauThéâtred’artde Moscou.
Lorsd’uneultimetentativedecure,AntonTchekhovmeurtle2juillet1904 àBadenweileren Allemagne. Aumédecin qui seprécipite à sonchevet, il dit polimentenallemand:«Ichsterbe»(jemeurs).Ayantrefusédel’oxygène,on luiapporte…duchampagne,etsesderniersmotsseraient,d’aprèsVirgilTanase :«Celafaitlongtempsquejen’aiplusbudechampagne».Ayantbu,ilsecouche surlecôtéetmeurt1.Le9juillet,ilestenterréàMoscou,aucimetièredeNovo­devitchi.
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
AntonPavlovichChekhov(29January[O.S.17January]1860—15July[O.S. 2July]1904)wasaRussianshort-storywriter,playwrightandphysician,consid­eredtobeoneofthegreatestshort-storywritersinthehistoryofworldliterature. Hiscareerasadramatistproducedfourclassicsandhisbestshortstoriesareheldin highesteembywritersandcritics.Chekhovpractisedasadoctorthroughoutmost ofhisliterarycareer:"Medicineismylawfulwife",heoncesaid,"andliteratureis mymistress
ChekhovrenouncedthetheatreafterthedisastrousreceptionofTheSeagullin 1896;buttheplaywasrevivedtoacclaimin1898byConstantinStanislavski'sMos­cowArtTheatre,which subsequentlyalso producedUncleVanyaandpremiered Chekhov’slasttwoplays,ThreeSistersandTheCherryOrchard.Thesefourworks presentachallengetotheactingensembleaswellastoaudiences,becauseinplace ofconventionalactionChekhovoffersa"theatreofmood"anda"submergedlife inthetext."
Chekhovhadatrstwrittenstoriesonlyfornancialgain,butashisartistic ambitiongrew,he madeformalinnovations whichhaveinuenced theevolution ofthemodernshortstory.Hisoriginalityconsists inan earlyuse ofthestream­of-consciousness technique,lateradopted byJames Joyceand other modernists, combinedwithadisavowalofthemoralnalityoftraditionalstorystructure.He madenoapologiesforthedifcultiesthisposedtoreaders,insistingthattheroleof anartistwastoaskquestions,nottoanswerthem.
ByMay1904,Chekhovwasterminallyillwithtuberculosis."Everyonewhosaw him secretly thought theend wasnot far off",Mikhail Chekhovrecalled,"but the nearerChekhovwastotheend,thelessheseemedtorealizeit."On3Junehesetoff withOlgafortheGermanspatownofBadenweilerintheBlackForest,fromwherehe wroteoutwardlyjovialletterstohissisterMashadescribingthefoodandsurround­ingsandassuringherandhismotherthathewasgettingbetter.Inhislastletter,he complainedaboutthewaytheGermanwomendressed.Chekhov’sdeathhasbecome oneof"thegreatsetpiecesofliteraryhistory",retold,embroidered,andctionalised manytimessince,notablyintheshortstoryErrandbyRaymondCarver.
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

ЛюбовьАндреевна.АЛеонидавсенет.Чтоонделаетвгородетак долго,непонимаю!Ведь все ужекончено там, имениепроданоили торгинесостоялись,зачемжетакдолгодержатьвневедении!
Варя(стараясьееутешить).Дядечкакупил,явэтомуверена.
Трофимов(насмешливо).Да.
Варя.Бабушкаприслалаемудоверенность,чтобыонкупилнаее имя спереводомдолга.ЭтоонадляАни.И яуверена, богпоможет, дядечкакупит.
ЛюбовьАндреевна.Ярославскаябабушкаприслалапятнадцатьты­сяч,чтобыкупитьимениенаееимя,—намонаневерит,—аэтихде­негнехватилобыдажепроцентызаплатить.(Закрываетлицоруками.) Сегоднясудьбамоярешается,судьба...
Трофимов(дразнитВарю).МадамЛопахина!
Варя(сердито).Вечныйстудент!Ужедваразаувольнялиизуни­верситета.
Любовь Андреевна. Что же ты сердишься, Варя? Он дразнит тебя Лопахиным,нучтож?Хочешь— выходизаЛопахина,онхороший,ин­тересныйчеловек.Нехочешь—невыходи;тебя,дуся,никтоненеволит...
Варя.Ясмотрюна этоделосерьезно,мамочка,надо прямогово­рить.Онхорошийчеловек,мненравится.
ЛюбовьАндреевна.Ивыходи.Чтожеждать,непонимаю!
Варя.Мамочка,немогужеясамаделатьемупредложение.Вотуже двагодавсемнеговорятпронего,всеговорят,аонилимолчит,или шутит.Японимаю.Онбогатеет,занятделом,емунедоменя.Еслибы былиденьги,хотьнемного,хотьбысторублей,бросилабыявсе,ушла быподальше.Вмонастырьбыушла.
Трофимов.Благолепие!
Варя(Трофимову).Студентунадобытьумным!(Мягкимтоном,со слезами.)Какойвы стали некрасивый, Петя, какпостарели! (Любови Андреевне,уженеплача.)Тольковотбезделанемогу,мамочка.Мне каждуюминутунадочто-нибудьделать.
ВходитЯша.
Яша(едваудерживаясьотсмеха).Епиходовбильярдныйкийсло­мал!..(Уходит.)
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