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‘‘Whatisit?"criedPorryPetrovitch,recoveringfromhismomentary
stupefaction.
‘‘I…amthemurderer,"repeatedNikolay,afterabriefpause.
‘‘What…you…what…whomdidyoukill?"PorryPetrovitchwasobviouslybewildered.Nikolayagainwassilentforamoment.
‘‘AlyonaIvanovnaandher sisterLizavetaIvanovna, I…killed…with
anaxe.Darknesscameoverme,"headdedsuddenly,andwasagainsilent.
Hestillremainedonhisknees.PorryPetrovitchstoodforsomemoments
asthoughmeditating,butsuddenlyrousedhimselfandwavedbacktheuninvited spectators.They instantly vanishedand closedthe door. Then he
lookedtowardsRaskolnikov,whowasstandinginthecorner,staringwildly
atNikolayandmovedtowardshim,butstoppedshort,lookedfromNikolay
toRaskolnikovandthen againatNikolay, andseemingunabletorestrain
himselfdartedatthelatter.
‘‘You'reintoogreatahurry,"heshoutedathim,almostangrily.
‘‘Ididn'taskyouwhatcameoveryou…Speak,didyoukillthem?"
‘‘Iamthemurderer…Iwanttogiveevidence,"Nikolaypronounced.
‘‘Ach!Whatdidyoukillthemwith?"
‘‘Anaxe.Ihaditready."
‘‘Ach,heisinahurry!Alone?"Nikolaydidnotunderstandthequestion.
‘‘Didyoudoitalone?"
‘‘Yes,alone.AndMitkaisnotguiltyandhadnoshareinit."
‘‘Don'tbeinahurryaboutMitka!A-ach!Howwasityourandownstairs
likethatatthetime?Theportersmetyouboth!"
‘‘Itwastoputthemoffthescent…IranafterMitka,"Nikolayreplied
hurriedly,asthoughhehadpreparedtheanswer.
‘‘Iknewit!"criedPorry,withvexation.
‘‘It'snothisowntaleheistelling,"hemutteredasthoughtohimself,and
suddenlyhiseyesrestedonRaskolnikovagain.Hewasapparentlysotaken
upwithNikolaythatforamomenthehadforgottenRaskolnikov.Hewasa
littletakenaback.
‘‘MydearRodionRomanovitch,excuseme!"heewuptohim,
‘‘thiswon'tdo;I'mafraidyoumustgo…it'snogoodyourstaying…I
will…yousee,whatasurprise!…Good-bye!"Andtakinghimbythearm,
heshowedhimtothedoor.
‘‘Isupposeyoudidn'texpectit?"saidRaskolnikovwho,thoughhehad
notyetfullygraspedthesituation,hadregainedhiscourage.
141
‘‘Youdidnotexpectiteither,myfriend.Seehowyourhandistrembling!
He-he!"
‘‘You'retrembling,too,PorryPetrovitch!"
‘‘Yes,Iam;Ididn'texpectit."Theywerealreadyatthedoor;Porrywas
impatientforRaskolnikovtobegone.
‘‘Andyour littlesurprise,aren'tyougoingto showitto me?"Raskolnikovsaid,sarcastically.
‘‘Why, his teeth arechatteringashe asks, he-he!Youare anironical
person!Come,tillwemeet!"
‘‘Ibelievewecansaygood-bye!"
‘‘That'sinGod'shands,"mutteredPorry,withanunnaturalsmile.Ashe
walkedthroughtheofce,Raskolnikovnoticedthatmanypeoplewerelookingathim.Amongthemhesawthetwoportersfromthehouse,whomhehad
invitedthatnighttothepolicestation.Theystoodtherewaiting.Buthewasno
sooneronthestairsthanheheardthevoiceofPorryPetrovitchbehindhim.
Turninground,hesawthelatterrunningafterhim,outofbreath.
‘‘Oneword,RodionRomanovitch;astoalltherest,it'sinGod'shands,but
asamatterofformtherearesomequestionsIshallhavetoaskyou…sowe
shallmeetagain,shan'twe?"AndPorrystoodstill,facinghimwithasmile.
‘‘Shan'twe?"headdedagain.Heseemedtowanttosaysomethingmore,
butcouldnotspeakout.
‘‘You mustforgiveme, PorryPetrovitch,forwhat has justpassed…
Ilostmytemper,"beganRaskolnikov,whohadsofarregainedhiscourage
thathefeltirresistiblyinclinedtodisplayhiscoolness.
‘‘Don'tmentionit,don'tmentionit,"Porryreplied,almostgleefully.
‘‘Imyself,too…Ihaveawickedtemper,Iadmitit!Butweshallmeet
again.Ifit'sGod'swill,wemayseeagreatdealofoneanother."
‘‘Andwillgettoknoweachotherthroughandthrough?"addedRaskolnikov.
‘‘Yes; knoweachother throughandthrough,"assented Porry Petrovitch,andhescreweduphiseyes,lookingearnestlyatRaskolnikov.
‘‘Nowyou'regoingtoabirthdayparty?"
‘‘Toafuneral."
‘‘Ofcourse,thefuneral!Takecareofyourself,andgetwell."
‘‘Idon'tknowwhattowishyou,"saidRaskolnikov,whohadbegunto
descendthestairs,butlookedbackagain.
‘‘Ishouldliketowishyousuccess,butyourofceissuchacomicalone."
142
‘‘Whycomical?"PorryPetrovitchhadturnedtogo,butheseemedto
prickuphisearsatthis.
‘‘Why,howyoumusthavebeentorturingandharassingthatpoorNikolaypsychologically,afteryourfashion,tillheconfessed!Youmusthavebeen
athimdayandnight,provingtohimthathewasthemurderer,andnowthat
hehasconfessed,you'llbeginvivisectinghimagain.'Youarelying,'you'll
say.'Youarenotthemurderer!Youcan'tbe!It'snotyourowntaleyouare
telling!'Youmustadmitit'sacomicalbusiness!"
‘‘He-he-he!YounoticedthenthatIsaidtoNikolayjustnowthatitwas
nothisowntalehewastelling?"
‘‘HowcouldIhelpnoticingit!"
‘‘He-he!You arequick-witted. Younoticeeverything!You'vereallya
playfulmind!Andyoualwaysfastenonthecomicside…he-he!Theysay
thatwasthemarkedcharacteristicofGogol,amongthewriters."
‘‘Yes,ofGogol."
‘‘Yes,ofGogol…Ishalllookforwardtomeetingyou."
‘‘SoshallI."Raskolnikovwalkedstraighthome.Hewassomuddledand
bewilderedthatongettinghomehesatforaquarterofanhouronthesofa,
tryingtocollecthisthoughts.HedidnotattempttothinkaboutNikolay;he
wasstupeed;hefeltthathisconfessionwassomethinginexplicable,amazing-somethingbeyondhisunderstanding.ButNikolay'sconfessionwasan
actualfact.Theconsequencesofthisfactwerecleartohimatonce,itsfalsehoodcouldnotfailtobediscovered,andthentheywouldbeafterhimagain.
Tillthen,atleast,hewasfreeandmustdosomething forhimself,forthe
dangerwasimminent.Buthowimminent?Hispositiongraduallybecame
cleartohim.Remembering,sketchily,themainoutlinesofhisrecentscene
withPorry,hecouldnothelpshudderingagainwithhorror.Ofcourse,he
didnotyetknowallPorry'saims,hecouldnotseeintoallhiscalculations.
Buthehadalreadypartlyshownhishand,andnooneknewbetterthanRaskolnikovhowterriblePorry's‘‘lead"hadbeenforhim.Alittlemoreandhe
mighthavegivenhimselfawaycompletely,circumstantially.Knowinghis
nervoustemperamentandfromtherstglanceseeingthroughhim,Porry,
though playing a boldgame,wasbound to win. There's no denying that
Raskolnikovhadcompromisedhimselfseriously,butnofactshadcometo
lightasyet;therewasnothingpositive.Butwashetakingatrueviewofthe
position?Wasn'themistaken?WhathadPorrybeentryingtogetat?Had
hereallysomesurprisepreparedforhim?Andwhatwasit?Hadhereally
143
beenexpectingsomethingornot?Howwouldtheyhavepartedifithadnot
beenfortheunexpectedappearanceofNikolay?Porryhadshownalmost
allhiscards—ofcourse,hehadriskedsomethinginshowingthem—and
ifhehadreallyhadanythinguphissleeve(Raskolnikovreected),hewould
haveshownthat,too.Whatwasthat‘‘surprise"?Wasitajoke?Haditmeant
anything?Couldithaveconcealedanythinglikeafact,apieceofpositive
evidence?Hisyesterday'svisitor?Whathadbecomeofhim?Wherewashe
to-day?IfPorryreallyhadanyevidence,itmustbeconnectedwithhim…
.He satonthe sofawith his elbowson his knees and his facehiddenin
hishands.Hewasstillshiveringnervously.Atlasthegotup,tookhiscap,
thoughtaminute,andwenttothedoor.Hehadasortofpresentimentthat
fortoday,atleast,hemightconsiderhimselfoutofdanger.Hehadasuddensense almostofjoy;hewanted tomakehastetoKaterinaIvanovna's.
Hewouldbetoolateforthefuneral,ofcourse,buthewouldbeintimefor
thememorialdinner,andthereatoncehewouldseeSonia.Hestoodstill,
thoughtamoment,andasufferingsmilecameforamomentontohislips.
‘‘Today!Today,"herepeatedtohimself.
‘‘Yes,today!Soitmustbe…"Butashewasabouttoopenthedoor,it
beganopeningofitself.Hestartedandmovedback.Thedooropenedgently
andslowly,andtheresuddenlyappearedagure—yesterday'svisitorfrom
underground.Themanstoodinthedoorway,lookedatRaskolnikovwithout
speaking,andtookastepforwardintotheroom.Hewasexactlythesameas
yesterday;thesamegure,thesamedress,buttherewasagreatchangein
hisface;helookeddejectedandsigheddeeply.Ifhehadonlyputhishandup
tohischeekandleanedhisheadononesidehewouldhavelookedexactly
likeapeasantwoman.
‘‘Whatdoyouwant?" askedRaskolnikov,numb withterror.Theman
wasstillsilent,butsuddenlyheboweddownalmosttotheground,touching
itwithhisnger.
‘‘Whatisit?"criedRaskolnikov.
‘‘Ihavesinned,"themanarticulatedsoftly.
‘‘How?"
‘‘Byevilthoughts."Theylookedatoneanother.
‘‘Iwasvexed.Whenyoucame,perhapsindrink,andbadetheporters
gotothepolicestationandaskedabouttheblood,Iwasvexedthattheylet
yougoandtookyoufordrunken.IwassovexedthatIlostmysleep.And
rememberingtheaddresswecamehereyesterdayandaskedforyou…"
144
‘‘Whocame?"Raskolnikovinterrupted,instantlybeginningtorecollect.
‘‘Idid,I'vewrongedyou."
‘‘Thenyoucomefromthathouse?"
‘‘Iwasstandingatthegatewiththem…don'tyouremember?Wehave
carried on our trade in that house for years past. Wecure and prepare
hides,wetakeworkhome… mostofallIwasvexed…"Andthewhole
sceneofthedaybeforeyesterdayinthegatewaycameclearlybeforeRaskolnikov'smind; herecollectedthatthere hadbeenseveralpeoplethere
besidestheporters, womenamongthem.Herememberedonevoicehad
suggestedtakinghimstraighttothepolicestation.Hecouldnotrecallthe
faceofthespeaker,andevennowhedidnotrecogniseit,butherememberedthathehadturnedroundandmadehimsomeanswer…Sothiswas
thesolutionofyesterday'shorror.Themostawfulthoughtwasthathehad
beenactuallyalmostlost,hadalmostdoneforhimselfonaccountofsuch
atrivial circumstance.So thismancould tellnothingexcept hisasking
abouttheatandthebloodstains.So Porry, too,had nothingbut that
delirium,nofactsbutthispsychologywhichcutsbothways,nothingpositive.Soifnomorefactscometolight(andtheymustnot,theymustnot!)
then…thenwhatcantheydotohim?Howcantheyconvicthim,evenif
theyarresthim?AndPorrythenhadonlyjustheardabouttheatandhad
notknownaboutitbefore.
‘‘WasityouwhotoldPorry…thatI'dbeenthere?"hecried,struckby
asuddenidea.
‘‘WhatPorry?"
‘‘Theheadofthedetectivedepartment?"
‘‘Yes.Theportersdidnotgothere,butIwent."
‘‘To -d ay?"
‘‘Igottheretwominutesbeforeyou.AndIheard,Ihearditall,howhe
worriedyou."
‘‘Where?What?When?"
‘‘Why,inthenextroom.Iwassittingthereallthetime."
‘‘What?Why,then youwerethesurprise?But howcouldit happen?
Uponmyword!"
‘‘IsawthattheportersdidnotwanttodowhatIsaid,"begantheman;
‘‘forit'stoolate,saidthey,andmaybehe'llbeangrythatwedidnotcome
atthetime.IwasvexedandIlostmysleep,andIbeganmakinginquiries.
Andndingoutyesterdaywheretogo,Iwentto-day.ThersttimeIwent
145
hewasn'tthere, whenIcameanhourlaterhecouldn'tseeme.Iwentthe
thirdtime,andtheyshowedmein.Iinformedhimofeverything,justasit
happened,andhebeganskippingabouttheroomandpunchinghimselfon
thechest.'Whatdoyouscoundrelsmeanbyit?IfI'dknownaboutitIshould
havearrested him!' Then he ran out, calledsomebodyand began talking
tohiminthe corner,thenhe turnedtome,scoldingandquestioningme.
Hescoldedmeagreatdeal;andItoldhimeverything,andItoldhimthat
youdidn'tdaretosayawordinanswertomeyesterdayandthatyoudidn't
recogniseme.Andhefelltorunningaboutagainandkepthittinghimself
onthechest,andgettingangryandrunningabout,andwhenyouwereannouncedhetoldmetogointothenextroom.'Sitthereabit,'hesaid.'Don't
move,whateveryoumayhear.'Andhesetachairthereformeandlockedme
in.'Perhaps,'hesaid,'Imaycallyou.'AndwhenNikolay'dbeenbroughthe
letmeoutassoonasyouweregone.'Ishallsendforyouagainandquestion
you,'hesaid."
‘‘AnddidhequestionNikolaywhileyouwerethere?"
‘‘Hegotridofmeashedidofyou,beforehespoketoNikolay."Theman
stoodstill,andagainsuddenlyboweddown,touchingthegroundwithhis
nger.
‘‘Forgivemeformyevilthoughts,andmyslander."
‘‘MayGodforgiveyou,"answeredRaskolnikov.Andashesaidthis,the
manboweddownagain,butnottotheground,turnedslowlyandwentout
oftheroom.
‘‘Itallcutsbothways,nowitallcutsbothways,"repeatedRaskolnikov,
andhewentoutmorecondentthanever.
‘‘Nowwe'llmakeaghtforit,"hesaid,withamalicioussmile,ashe
wentdownthestairs.Hismalicewasaimedathimself;withshameandcontemptherecollectedhis‘‘cowardice."
(Translator:ConstanceGarnett)
146
Зада ни я по текстам
1.Изучитебиографиюписателяииспользуйте фактыизеголич-
нойжизниитворческойдеятельностивпереводческомкомментарии.
2.Найдитевпереводномтекстепримерыпереводческихтрансфор-
мацийипрокомментируйтеих:
а) Лексические трансформации (выпишите примеры конкре-
тизации,генерализации,дифференциации,калькированиязначений,синонимическихзамениописательногоперевода,антонимическогоперевода;найдитепримерыкомпенсациипотерь,
возникающихвпроцессеперевода,а также всмысловомразвитииицелостномпреобразовании).
б) Грамматическиетрансформации(выпишитепримерыпереста-
новок,опущения идобавления,перестройкиизамены частей
речииличленовпредложения).
в) Стилистическиетрансформации(выпишитепримерыперевода
индивидуальныхстилистическихособенностей,троповидругихсредствприданиявыразительностивысказыванию).
3.Присоставлениипереводческогокомментарияобратитевнима-
ниенаследующиеособенностиперевода:
а)Использованиестилистическихприемов.
б)Использованиесинтаксическихфигурвстилистическихцелях.
в)Переводреалийинациональногоколорита.
4.Переведитеданныйотрывокнафранцузский/английскийязыки
сравнитеегоспереводами,предложеннымивпособии:
ИвдругРаскольниковуясноприпомниласьвсясценатретьегодня
подворотами; он сообразил, что кроме дворников там стояло тогда
ещенесколько человек,стояли и женщины.Он припомнил один голос,предлагавшийвести егопрямов квартал. Лицо говорившего не
могвспомнитьидажетеперьнепризнавал,ноемупамятнобыло,что
ондажечто-тоответил емутогда,обернулсякнему...Таквот,стало
быть,чемразрешилсявесьэтотвчерашнийужас.Всегоужаснеебыло
думать,чтоондействительночутьнепогиб,чутьнепогубилсебяиззатакогоничтожногообстоятельства.Сталобыть,кроменаймаквар-
147
тирыиразговоровокрови,этотчеловекничегонеможетрассказать.
Сталобыть,иуПорфириятоженетничего,кромеэтогобреда,никакихфактов,кромепсихологии,котораяодвухконцах,ничегоположительного.Сталобыть,еслине явится никаких большефактов(аони
недолжныужеболееявиться,недолжны!),то...точтожемогутсним
сделать?Чемжемогутегообличитьокончательно,хотьиарестуют?И,
сталобыть,Порфирийтолькотеперь,толькосейчасузналоквартире,
адосихпоринезнал.
148
IvanSergueïevitchTourgueniev(28octobre1818ouencore9novembre1818
ducalendriergrégorienàOrel—3septembre1883àBougival)étaitunécrivainet
dramaturgerusse.
Safamilleestaiséemaissamèretrèsautoritaire.Ilvitde1838à1841àBerlin
avantderetourneràSaint-PétersbourgpuisdepartirpourLondresets'installerà
Paris.
En1827,ils’installeàMoscou.Pendantdeuxans,ilseprépareàrentreràl’université.En1833,ils’inscritàl’universitédelettredeMoscou.En1834,ilfréquente
l’universitédephilosophiedeSaint-PétersbourgetrencontreNicolasGogolquiest
professeurd’histoirel'année suivante.Il termineses études en1836 etassisteen
1851àlalectureparGogolduRevizor.
En1837,ilrencontreAlexandrePouchkine,éditelacorrespondancedecedernierettraduitplusieursdesespoèmesavecMériméeetFlaubert.L’annéesuivante,
sonfameuxpoèmeLesoirestpubliédansunerevueprogressiste.Ilpartalorspour
Berlin and'y poursuivresesétudeset voyagerenEurope.Ilrevienten 1841et
passel’été chezsamère.Cetété-là,il entretient uneliaisonavecune lingère, de
laquelle naît sa lle Pélagie.En 1844,Tourgueniev s’intéresse au théâtre italien
auquelils'abonneàSaint-Pétersbourg.IlrencontrePaulineViardotaveclaquelleil
entretientuneliaisonjusqu’àsamort.
De 1847 à 1850,Tourgueniev s’installe en France et publie beaucoup, dont
lerecueilMémoiresd’unchasseuretlapièceUnmoisàlacampagne.En1850,il
vitdansunchâteauprèsdeParis,chezGounot,letraducteurdeFaust.Ilfréquente
FlaubertetGeorgeSand.Lamêmeannée,NicolasIerexigeleretourdesRusses
expatriés.TourguenievquittelaFranceetseretrouvebloquéenRussiependantla
guerredeCrimée.Ilrécupèresalleetl’envoiechezPaulineViardot,enFrance.
Celle-cil’élèvecommesonpropreenfant.
En 1852,les Mémoires d’unchasseur sont publiées. Cette œuvre échappe à
lacensuremalgrésoncaractèresubversifcarellerelatelaviedespaysansrusses.
Parlasuite,Tourguenievécoped'unmoisdeprisonmaiscontinued’écrirecequ'il
penseduservage.Ilestalorsassignéàrésidence.En1853,PaulineViardotrevient
entournéeenRussie.Tourguenievprendalorsunfauxpasseport,partpourMoscou
andelavoiretluidonnerdesmanuscritsàpublierenFrance.Àlandel’année
1855,ilreçoitlejeuneTolstoïquiestalorsofcier,auquelilexpliquequ’ildevrait
écrireetnonsebattre.Ill’encourageàécrire.
Danslesannées1860,ilpubliebeaucoupenFrancemaisrelativementpeuen
Russie.Lesslavophilesgagnentleurcombatcontrelesoccidentalistes,cequil'in-
149
citeàcomposerdesrécitsdontl'actionsesitueenEuropeouquiusentdesprocédés
propreaustylefantastique.Dans lesannées1870,il vitàParischezlesViardot.
Il rencontre Zola, Alphonse Daudetqu'il aide pour sespublicationset les frères
Goncourt.TourguenievpublieZolaenRussie.Àlandesannées1870,ilsefait
construireunedatchaàBougival,danslesenvironsdeParis.Ilobtienten1879le
titrededoctoràOxfordetl'oncommenceàjouer sespiècesenEurope.Iltombe
gravementmaladeaudébutdesannées1880,estopéréàParisetrepartenconvalescenceàBougival.Ilmeurtle3septembre1883etestinhuméàSaint-Pétersbourg,
aucimetièreVolkovoauxpiedsdeBelinski.
IvanSergeyevichTurgenev(November9[O.S.October28]1818—September
3[O.S.August22]1883)wasaRussiannovelist,shortstorywriter,andplaywright.
Hisrstmajorpublication,ashortstorycollectionentitledASportsman'sSketches,
isamilestoneofRussianRealism,andhisnovelFathersandSonsisregardedasone
ofthemajorworksof19th-centuryction.
Turgenevwasborn into a wealthylanded family ofthe Russian aristocracy
in Oryol, Russia, on 28 October 1818.His father, Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev,
acolonelintheImperialRussiancavalry,wasachronicphilanderer.Ivan'smother,
Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova, was a wealthyheiress, who had had an unhappy
childhoodandsufferedinhermarriage.Ivan'sfatherdiedwhenIvanwassixteen,
leavinghimandhisbrotherNicholastobebroughtupbytheirabusivemother.Afterthestandardschoolingforasonofagentleman,Turgenevstudiedforoneyear
attheUniversityofMoscowandthenmovedtotheUniversityofSaintPetersburg,
focusingonClassics,Russianliterature,andphilology.Hewassentin1838tothe
UniversityofBerlintostudyphilosophy,particularlyHegel,andhistory.Turgenev
wasimpressedwithGermansocietyandreturnedhomebelievingthatRussiacould
best improveitself byincorporating ideas from theAge ofEnlightenment.Like
manyofhiseducatedcontemporaries,hewasparticularlyopposedtoserfdom.
Turgenevnever married,although hehada daughter with oneof his family's
serfs.Hewastallandbroad-shouldered,butwastimid,restrained,andsoft-spoken.
HisclosestliteraryfriendwasGustaveFlaubert.HisrelationswithLeoTolstoyand
FyodorDostoyevskywereoftenstrained,asthetwowere,forvariousreasons,dismayedbyTurgenev'sseemingpreferenceforWesternEurope.Hisrockyfriendship
withTolstoyin1861wroughtsuchanimositythatTolstoychallengedTurgenevtoa
duel,afterwardsapologizing.Thetwodidnotspeakfor17years.DostoyevskyparodiesTurgenevinhisnovelTheDevils(1872)throughthecharacterofthevainnovelist
Karmazinov,whoisanxioustoingratiatehimselfwiththeradicalyouth.However,in
1880,Dostoyevsky'sspeechattheunveilingofthePushkinmonumentbroughtabout
areconciliationofsortswithTurgenev,who,likemanyintheaudience,wasmovedto
tearsbyhisrival'seloquenttributetotheRussianspirit.
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