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Файл:Организационно-правовые основы регулирования миграционных процессов. Административно-правовой аспект. Монография
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j
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g agSldl]gdi^j,
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el_P. Aai]j l]ejM jT gc[iZdl_ lJieZj ?CCiZdj_elcdj
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131
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[ai_g^jal_g^j eg] clJjg^Pel-?Zlel\jKicZj\j.
dlaU
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_lT_agGg^jcP eg al]jeY, l]el_ai\ieel cldej dUcWK [ai]cdg_jdi^iQ
ageii ]i[ladjal_geeUM egal]l_ [l^YKg^j aig^PeYH _lT\lNelcdP _iaeYdPcW eg jcdlajKicZYH al]jeY. 7SGgW Kjc^ieelcdP daY]l_UM \jVagedl_, [iaiiMg_DjM _
]aYVji VlcY]gacd_g A*#, daY]el [l]]gidcW
YKidY: [l-_j]j\l\Y, aiKP j]id l eicZl^PZjM \j^^jlegM Ki^l_iZ.
: egKg^i XXI _. daY]l_gW \jVagJjW [ajlSaidgid egjSl^ii Jj_j^jTl_geeUi Cla\U. Ml]jd _ [alD^li «Ki^elKegW \jVagJjW», [lc^YNj_DgW ciaPiTeU\ [l]c[laPi\ ]^W _UNj_gejW TegKjdi^PelVl c^lW egci^iejW, lSYKiejW gTg\ aUelKelQ ?Zlel\jZj _ egjSl^ii daY]eli _ai\W
aiCla\. BYeZJjj Ki^elZl_ ciVl]eW Sl^ii
?CCiZdj_el _U[l^eWHd dla-
Vl_Ui Zl\[gejj.
<jVagJjleegW [l^jdjZg _ ldelDiejj daY]l_lQ \jVagJjj cdgel_jdcW [agV\gdjKelQ. gZ, ]lVl_la ld 26 Ci_ag^W 1999 V. «7 dg\lNieel\ clHTi j i]jel\ ?Zlel\jKicZl\ [alcdagecd_i» c YKgcdji\ i^laYccjj, .gTgMcdgeg, .UaVUTcdgeg j Flccjj cdg^ l]elQ jT [l[UdlZ gZdj_jTgJjj jediVagdj_eUM [alJiccl_ eg cYSaiVjleg^Pel\ Yal_ei. AlV^gcel ]lVl_laY, cdlaleU
]l^NeU lSic[iKjdP c_lSl]eli [iai]_jNieji VagN]ge VlcY]gacd_-YKgcdejZl_ _eYdaj i]jelVl ?Zlel\jKicZlVl
[alcdagecd_g. A_lSl]eli [iai]_jNieji [ai][l^gVgid ld\ieY ^HSlQ
]jcZaj\jegJjj _ ldelDiejj ?djM VagN]ge j clT]geji YejCjJjal_geelVl [ag_l_lVl aiNj\g _ Kgcdj daY]lYcdalQcd_g, _lTegVagN]iejW, ]aYVjM Yc^l_jQ daY]g j TgeWdlcdj».
: Ji^WM c_li_ai\ieelVl ldc^iNj_gejW [alJiccl_ _ cCiai _eiDeiQ
dlaVl_^j, \jVagJjj j l[iagdj_elVl [ajeWdjW g]iZ_gdeUM
\ia Y[ag_^ieKicZlVl MgagZdiag _ B<A Flccjj [al_l]jdcW iNiei]i^PeUQ \lejdlajeV ]_jNiejW jelcdageelQ agSlKiQ cj^U, Kdl [lT_l^Wid g]iZ_gdel
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132
aigVjal_gdP eg [alW_^WHGjicW eiVgdj_eUi die]ieJjj. =l ]geeU\
B<A Tg 2011—2012 VV. _ FB SU^l lCla\^iel Sl^ii 2,8 \^e S^geZl_
agTaiDiejQ eg agSldY eg 2,4 \^e jelcdageeUM VagN]ge. $T ejM VagN]gei, [ajSU_Dji _ SiT_jTl_l\ [laW]Zi clcdg_j^j 1,9 \^e Ki^l_iZ.
=Wdeg]JgdP cdage, YZgTgeeUM ejNi eg VagCjZi, clcdg_^WHd 98% ld lSGiVl Zl^jKicd_g lCla\^ieeUM agTaiDiejQ jelcdageeU\ VagN]geg\.
Aai]j _jTl_UM
cdage ^j]ial\ W_^WidcW .jdgQ — 7,58%1(ajc. 3).
Fjc. 3. Fgc[ai]i^ieji jelcdageeUM agSldejZl_
[l cdageg\ VagN]gecd_g Tg 2011—2012 VV.
*g calZ ]l 90 cYdlZ jelcdageeU\ VagN]geg\ lCla\^iel 177 dUc.
agTaiDiejQ eg agSldY, eg calZ ]l l]elVl Vl]g [al]^iel 124 dUc. A egaYDieji\ Ycdgel_^ieelVl calZg jelcdageeU\ VagN]geg\ lCla\^iel
c_UDi 2 dUc. agTaiDiejQ eg agSldY.
%g 2011—2012 VV. ld agSldl]gdi^iQ [l^YKiel 1,8 \^e S^geZl_ Y_i]l\^iejQ l [aj_^iKiejj j jc[l^PTl_gejj jelcdageeUM VagN]ge ]^W
lcYGicd_^iejW daY]l_lQ ]iWdi^Pelcdj,
[ajSU_DjM _ FlccjQcZYH Bi]iagJjH _ [laW]Zi, ei daiSYHGi\ [l^YKiejW _jTU. AlV^gcel [l^YKieeU\ Y_i]l\^iejW\, TegKjdi^PegW KgcdP jelcdageeUM agSldejZl_
TgeWdg _ cdaljdi^PelQ ldagc^j (31% ld lSGiVl Kjc^g Tg]iQcd_l_geeUM
cCia ]iWdi^Pelcdj), ]g^ii c^i]YHd cCiag Yc^YV (15%) (ajc. 4).
: ag\ZgM Ycdgel_^ieelQ Z_ldU jelcdageeU\ VagN]geg\ lCla\-
^iel 2,3 \^e agTaiDiejW eg agSldY. : 2011—2012 VV. Zl^jKicd_l Z_g-
1
$dlVj ]iWdi^Pelcdj B<A Tg 2012 V. [l lcel_eU\ eg[ag_^iejW\.
133
FFjc. 4. Fgc[ai]i^ieji jelcdageeUM agSldejZl_ [l cCiag\ ]iWdi^Pelcdj
^jCjJjal_geeUM TgaYSiNeUM c[iJjg^jcdl_ clcdg_j^l lZl^l 63 dUc.
Ki^l_iZ. $T ejM jelcdageeUM VagN]ge, _0iMg_DjM eg diaajdlajH FB
_ _jTl_l\ aiNj\i — 60% ld lSGiVl Zl^jKicd_g Z_g^jCjJjal_geeUM
TgaYSiNeUM c[iJjg^jcdl_. .l^jKicd_l lCla\^ieeUM agTaiDiejQ eg
agSldY _UclZlZ_g^jCjJjal_geeU\ c[iJjg^jcdg\ clcdg_j^l 15 dUc.
S^geZl_. $T ejM 13 dUc. — ]^W jelcdageeUM VagN]ge, [ajSU_DjM eg
diaajdlajH FB _ [laW]Zi, [ai]Yc\gdaj_gHGi\ eilSMl]j\lcdP [l^YKiejW _jTU j 2 dUc
. ]^W VagN]ge, [ajSU_DjM _ [laW]Zi, ei daiSYHGi\ [l^YKiejW _jTU. *g calZ ]l l]elVl Vl]g lCla\^iel 1,2 dUc.
agTaiDiejQ eg agSldY _UclZlZ_g^jCjJjal_geeU\ c[iJjg^jcdg\ (5%
ld lSGiVl Zl^jKicd_g), eg calZ ld l]elVl Vl]g ]l daiM ^id — 13 dUc.
agTaiDiejQ (95%).
: Kjc^i lcel_eUM cdage, jT ZldlaUM [aj_^iZgHdcW _UclZlZ_g^jCjJjal_geeUi c[iJjg^jcdU, eg [ia_l\ \icdi egMl]jdcW #ia\gejW,
]g^ii c^i]YHd :i^jZlSajdgejW, A!, BageJjW, YaJjW, .jdgQ. $T
cdage — YKgcdejJ A*# _ Kjc^i [ia_UM ]icWdj egMl]jdcW dl^PZl
Zagjeg.
:ciVl Tg 2011—2012 VV. diaajdlajg^PeU\j laVgeg\j B<A Flccjj _UW_^iel lZl^l 6 \^e g]\jejcdagdj_eUM [ag_legaYDiejQ _ cCiai \jVagJjj. dl ZgcgidcW YZgTgeeUM clcdg_l_ g]\jejcdagdj_eUM
[ag_legaYDiejQ, dl [l ej\ cldaY]ejZg\j diaajdlajg^PeUM laVgel_
B<A Flccjj clcdg_^iel 1,6 \^e [aldlZl^l_ lS
g]\jejcdagdj_eUM
[ag_legaYDiejWM. gZ, _ 2012 V. [l cd. 18.8 .l!= FB («*gaYDieji
jelcdageeU\ VagN]gejel\ j^j ^jJl\ SiT VagN]gecd_g [ag_j^
_0iT]g _ FlccjQcZYH Bi]iagJjH ^jSl aiNj\g [aiSU_gejW ([alNj_gejW) _ FlccjQcZlQ Bi]iagJjj») clcdg_^iel lZl^l 500 dUc. [aldlZl^l_ lS g]\jejcdagdj_eUM [ag_legaYDiejWM; [l cd. 18.9 .l!= FB
(«*gaYDieji ]l^NelcdeU\ ^jJl\ laVgejTgJjj, [ajej\gHGiQ _ FB
jelcdageelVl VagN]gejeg j^j ^jJl
SiT VagN]gecd_g, ^jSl VagN]g-
134
ejel\ FB j^j [lcdlWeel [alNj_gHGj\j _ FB jelcdageeU\ VagN]gejel\ j^j ^jJl\ SiT VagN]gecd_g [ag_j^ [aiSU_gejW jelcdageeUM VagN]ge j^j ^jJ SiT VagN]gecd_g _ FlccjQcZlQ Bi]iagJjj»).
=l _UW_^iejH dgZjM [ag_legaYDiejQ, ZgZ eiTgZleeli lcYGicd_^ieji jelcdageeU\ VagN]gejel\ j^j ^jJl\ SiT VagN]gecd_g daY]l_lQ ]iWdi^Pelcdj _ FB, ld_idcd_ieelcdP Tg Zldlali [ai]Yc\ldaieg
cd. 18.10 .l!=
FB, clcdg_^iel lZl^l 400 dUc. [aldlZl^l_. %g eiTgZleeli [aj_^iKieji Z daY]l_lQ ]iWdi^Pelcdj jelcdageeUM VagN]ge j ^jJ
SiT VagN]gecd_g, ld_idcd_ieelcdP Tg Zldlali [ai]Yc\ldaieg cd. 18.15
.l!= FB, clcdg_^iel lZl^l 300 dUc. [aldlZl^l_.
=l _UW_^iejH egaYDiejQ [ag_j^ [aj_^iKiejW jelcdageeUM
VagN]ge j ^jJ SiT VagN]gecd_g Z daY]l_lQ ]iWdi^Pelcdj, lcYGicd_^Wi\lQ eg dlaVl_UM lS0iZdgM (_ dl\ Kjc^i
_ dlaVl_UM Zl\[^iZcgM),
ld_idcd_ieelcdP Tg ZldlaUi [ai]Yc\ldaieg cd. 18.16 .l!= FB, clcdg_^iel 2 dUc. [aldlZl^l_. %g eiclS^H]ieji Ycdgel_^ieeUM _ clld_idcd_jj c Ci]iag^PeU\ TgZlel\ _ ldelDiejj jelcdageeUM VagN]ge,
^jJ SiT VagN]gecd_g j jelcdageeUM laVgejTgJjQ lVagejKiejQ eg
lcYGicd_^ieji ld]i^PeUM _j]l_ ]iWdi^Pelcdj, g]\jejcdagdj_egW ld_idcd_ieelcdP Tg ZldlaUi [ai]Yc\ldaieg cd. 18.17 .l!= FB, clcdg_^iel 18 dUc.
[aldlZl^l_.
: Yc^l_jWM SiT_jTl_lVl _0iT]g ]^W lcel_elQ Kgcdj jelcdageeUM
VagN]ge, [aiSU_gHGjM eg diaajdlajj FB, ei[l]Vldl_^ieelcdj Sl^PDjecd_g jT ejM Z agSldi j NjTej _ egDiQ cdagei cl]iQcd_ji clJjg^PelQ g]g[dgJjj j jediVagJjj \jVagedl_ _ alccjQcZli lSGicd_l (]g^ii — cl]iQcd_ji jediVagJjj) W_^WidcW gZdYg^PelQ j el_lQ Tg]gKiQ
\jVagJjleelQ [l^jdjZj FlccjQcZlQ Bi]iagJjj.
KjdU_gW, Kdl _
egcdlWGii _ai\W \g^l jTYKie jediVagJjleeUQ
[ldieJjg^ cai]U daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_, B<A Flccjj [al_i]ie \lejdlajeV j\iHGjMcW _lT\lNelcdiQ [l lSYKiejH jelcdageeUM VagN]ge aYccZl\Y WTUZY. =aj ?dl\ SU^l Ycdgel_^iel, Kdl _ 2010—2012 VV.
[aj VlcY]gacd_ieeUM j \YejJj[g^PeUM lSagTl_gdi^PeUM YKaiN]iejWM ]iQcd_l_g^l c_UDi 400 ZYacl_ [l lSYKiejH jelcdageJi_ aYccZl\Y WTUZY. $M Yc^YVg\j _lc[l^PTl_g^jcP lZl^l 11 dUc
. Ki^l_iZ. 7SGicd_ieeUi j egJjleg^PeUi lS0i]jeiejW laVgejTl_g^j 60 geg^lVjKeUM ZYacl_. 7SYKieji [alD^j 2 dUc. jelcdageeUM VagN]ge.
=l ]geeU\ B<A Flccjj Y egc j\iidcW ]lcdgdlKegW lSagTl_gdi^PegW cidP, c[lclSegW ]gdP eilSMl]j\Ui TegejW \jVagedg\. 7]egZl, l]el_ai\ieel SU^g Ycdgel_^ieg Y jelcdageeUM VagN]ge ejTZgW \ldj_gJjW Z jTYKiejH VlcY]gacd_ieelVl WTUZg j ZY^PdYaeUM dag]jJjQ FB.
*gJjleg^PeUi lS0i]jeiejW (]jgc[laU) lZgTU_gHd TegKjdi^Peli
_^jWeji eg \jVagedl_, eg jM lSagT NjTej, daY]l_YH ]iWdi^PelcdP j
JieelcdeUi lajiedgJjj. =lcZl^PZY jT_icdeU [lTjdj_eUi j eiVgdj_-
135
eUi [aj\iaU dgZjM _^jWejQ, lclSli _ej\geji Y]i^WidcW ]iWdi^Pelcdj
egJjleg^PeUM cllSGicd_, jTYKiejH lScdgel_Zj j lcel_eUM die]ieJjQ ii agT_jdjW _ cai]i jelcdageeUM VagN]ge.
$eCla\gJjleegW clcdg_^WHGgW jVagid dgZNi _gNeYH al^P _ ]i^i
cl]iQcd_jW jediVagJjj j Cla\jal_gejW dl^iagedelcdj _ alccjQcZl\
lSGicd_i. *g [lcdlWeelQ lcel_i [aicc-c^YNSlQ B<A Flccjj lcYGicd_^WidcW jeCla\jal_geji VagN]ge FB j jelcdageeUM
VagN]ge l
\jVagJjleel\ TgZlel]gdi^Pcd_i j \ial[ajWdjWM, [al_l]j\UM B<A
Flccjj, lcYGicd_^WidcW \lejdlajeV \gdiajg^l_ Jiedag^PeUM j aiVjleg^PeUM A<$.
gZ, 1 jH^W 2010 V. _cdY[j^j _ cj^Y [l[ag_Zj _ Bi]iag^PeUQ TgZle
ld 25 jH^W 2002 V. & 115-B% «7 [ag_l_l\ [l^lNiejj jelcdageeUM
VagN]ge _ FlccjQcZlQ Bi]iagJjj», ZldlaUi __i^j [ag_l_YH lcel_Y
]^W ^iVg^jTgJjj daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_, agSldgHGjM Y CjTjKicZjM
^jJ; [l[ag_Zj [lT_l^j^j
\jVagedg\ [l^YKgdP c[iJjg^PeUQ ]lZY\ied — [gdied, ZldlaUQ ^iVg^jTl_g^ jM cdgdYc. =gdied cdg^ [ajeJj[jg^Pel el_U\ agTaiDjdi^PeU\ ]lZY\iedl\ ]^W [aiSU_gejW j agSldU jelcdageeUM VagN]ge _ Flccjj. #^g_egW Ji^P __i]iejW [gdiedg
TgZ^HKg^gcP _ dl\, KdlSU YaiVY^jal_gdP [ag_l_lQ cdgdYc \elVlKjc^ieeUM daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_, ZldlaUi agSldg^j Y KgcdeUM ^jJ j _
]l\lMlTWQcd_gM, ei j\iW
_lT\lNelcdj ^iVg^jTl_gdP c_li [aiSU_geji
_ cdagei, dgZ ZgZ eg [aldWNiejj \elVjM ^id ?dg ZgdiVlajW daY]WGjMcW\jVagedl_ egMl]j^gcP CgZdjKicZj eg ei^iVg^Pel\ [l^lNiejj _ FB.
=gdiedU [agZdjKicZj cagTY Ni Tg_li_g^j [l[Y^WaelcdP Y daY]l_UM
\jVagedl_. =gdied W_^WidcW ]lcdgdlKel ]lcdY[eU\ j [alcdU\ ]^W [l^YKiejW ]lZY\iedl\ ]^W \jVagedl_. *i\g^l_gNeU\ [aij\YGicd_l\
[gdiedg W_^WidcW iVl ]iDi_jTeg, _lT\lNelcdP _eiciejW
l[^gdU [lcdi[ieel _ diKieji Vl]g, g dgZNi [alcdldg [al]^iejW aiVjcdagJjj [l
\icdY [aiSU_gejW. iMel^lVjW [l^YKiejW [gdiedg j\iid \jej\g^PeYH
]jcdgeJjH \iN]Y daY]WGj\cW-\jVagedl\ j B<A Flccjj.
=l ]geeU\ B<A Flccjj c 1 jH^W 2010 V. [l 20 ]iZgSaW 2012 V. _
diaajdlajg^PeUi cdaYZdYaU B<A Flccjj Tg [gdiedl\ lSagdj^jcP
1
Sl^ii 2 \^e jelcdageeUM VagN]ge
. l^PDjecd_Y jT ejM SU^j lCla\-
^ieU (98%) j _U]geU (91%) [gdiedU. dl dgZNi c_j]idi^Pcd_Yid l ]lcdY[elcdj [alJi]YaU [l^YKiejW [gdiedl_ ]^W daY]l_UM \jVagedl_.
#ilVagCjW [aljcMlN]iejW daY]l_UM \jVagedl_, [l^YKj_DjM [gdied
]^W agSldU Y KgcdeUM ^jJ, [ai]cdg_^ieg cdageg\j iedag^PelQ !Tjj.
gZNi _ Kjc^l cdage ^j]ial_ [l gScl^Hdel\Y Zl^jKicd_Y _U]geeUM
[gdiedl_ _Ml]Wd Fic[YS^jZg !a\iejW, !TiaSgQ]NgecZgW aic[YS^jZg,
1
$dlVj ]iWdi^Pelcdj B<A Tg 2012 V. [l lcel_eU\ eg[ag_^iejW\.
136
Fic[YS^jZg <l^]l_g j Zagjeg. =l^l_jeg _ciM _U]geeUM [gdiedl_
[ajMl]jdcW eg VagN]ge TSiZjcdgeg, lZl^l Kid_iadj (22%) _ciM [gdiedl_ [l^YKj^j VagN]gei g]NjZjcdgeg. Aai]j daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_, agSldgHGjM Y KgcdeUM ^jJ (dgZNi ZgZ j Y Haj]jKicZjM ^jJ),
[ailS^g]gHd [ai]cdg_jdi^j cdage iedag^PelQ !Tjj. : gScl^Hdel\
jcKjc^iejj Sl^PDjecd_l daY]l_UM \jVagedl_ c [gdiedg\j agSldgHd
_ ZaY[eUM Vlal]gM Flccjj
j jM S^jNgQDi\ lZaYNiejj.
$cc^i]l_geji [lZgTg^l, Kdl jeCla\jal_geelcdP daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ ldelcjdi^Pel [ajlSaidiejW [gdiedl_ agcdid, el TegKjdi^PeUi
ZgdiVlajj daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ iGi c^gSl jeCla\jal_geU l [gdiedgM. gZ, egjSl^ii [alS^i\eU\j VaY[[g\j W_^WHdcW daY]WGjicW-\jVagedU c ejTZj\ Yal_ei\ lSagTl_gejW j c^gSl _^g]iHGji aYccZj\ WTUZl\. 7cel_eU\ Zgeg^l\ [l^YKiejW jeCla\gJjj l [gdiedgM lcdgHdcW
clJjg^PeUi
cidj j Zgeg^U ^jKelQ Zl\\YejZgJjj. %egKjdi^PegW KgcdP
\jVagedl_ [l^YKgid jeCla\gJjH dgZNi ld ei[ag_jdi^Pcd_ieeUM laVgejTgJjQ, ZlecY^PdgJjleeUM Jiedal_, Hajcdl_, [ag_lTgGjdejZl_.
Aai]j Z^HKi_UM [alS^i\ \lNel _U]i^jdP:
6 c^lNelcdP [ljcZg agSldU;
6 ei]lcdl_iaelcdP jeCla\gJjj ldelcjdi^Pel agSlKjM \icd _
VgTidgM;
6 [aW\lQ lS\ge daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ cl cdlaleU CjTjKicZjM
^jJ j Cja\, [ai]^gVgHGjM j\ agSldY;
6 ldcYdcd_ji
daY]l_UM ]lVl_lal_ Y daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_, Zl-
dlaUi agSldgHd Y CjTjKicZjM ^jJ;
6 [alS^i\U, c_WTgeeUi c aiVjcdagJjiQ [l \icdY [aiSU_gejW;
6 ei_U[^gdg TgagSldelQ [^gdU j daY]l_lQ ?Zc[^YgdgJjj;
6 ldcYdcd_ji _ TgZlel]gdi^Pcd_i daiSl_gejW [alMlN]iejW \i]j-
JjecZlVl lSc^i]l_gejW daY]WGj\jcW-\jVagedg\j, ZldlaUi agSldgHd [l [gdiedg\.
$cc^i]l_geji [lZgTg^l _UclZYH cdi[ieP ?CCiZdj_elcdj [gdiedg
ZgZ jecdaY\iedg aiVY^jal_gejW
ldelDiejQ \iN]Y daY]l_U\j \jVagedg\j j agSldl]gdi^W\j. : dl Ni cg\li _ai\W cdg^l [leWdel, Kdl Tg ?dj\
«_eiDej\ ?CCiZdl\» cZaU_gidcW ]l_l^Pel TegKjdi^Peli Zl^jKicd_l
[alS^i\. :_i]ieji [gdiedg \lNel cKjdgdP [alVaiccj_eU\ DgVl\ _
agT_jdjj aiVY^jal_gejW \jVagJjj _ Flccjj. <lNel ]gNi cKjdgdP ?dY
\iaY ai_l^HJjleelQ, [lcZl^PZY leg ^iVg^jTl_g^g c_UDi 2 \^e daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_, W_^W_DjMcW eiTgZleeU\j
\jVagedg\j.
7[alc daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ j cldaY]ejZl_ B<A Flccjj [lZgTg^, Kdl cai]j daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ [ailS^g]gHd ^H]j _ egjSl^ii
gZdj_el\ daY]l_l\ _lTagcdi ld 20 ]l 40 ^id, [lKdj [l^l_jeg \jVagedl_ — _ _lTagcdi ]l 30 ^id (cai]ejQ [l _lTagcd — 32 Vl]g). *gS^H]g-
137
idcW [ailS^g]geji \YNKje _ cg\UM \l^l]UM _lTagcdgM, lclSieel Tg\ideli cai]j \jVagedl_ jT !TiaSgQ]Ngeg, g]NjZjcdgeg j TSiZjcdgeg; ]l^W NieGje jT _UDiegT_geeUM cdage _ _lTagcdeUM VaY[[gM
]l 24 ^id ei [ai_UDgid 19%.
=l ld]i^PeU\ eg[ag_^iejW\ NieGjeU clcdg_^WHd TegKjdi^PeYH
]l^H daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_. Aai]j daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ jT <l^]l_U NieGjeU Kjc^ieel [ailS^g]gHd (52,3%), iGi _UDi ]l^W NieGje
\jVagedl_ cai]j _UMl]Ji_ jT ZagjeU — 60,5%. =alJicc Ci\jejTgJjj
j]id j cai]j daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ jT Aai]eiQ !Tjj: NieGjeU clcdg_^WHd 38,7% \jVagedl_ jT .jaVjTjj. "l^W \jVagedl_ jT ci^PcZlQ \icdelcdj, _ dl\ Kjc^i j _ [ldlZgM jT cai]eigTjgdcZjM VlcY]gacd_, ei_UclZg
(17%), lcel_egW KgcdP \jVagedl_ [ajiMg^g jT Sl^PDjM Vlal]l_, g dgZNi
jT Vlal]l_ \iePDiQ _i^jKjeU, TegKjdi^PegW
KgcdP — jT cdl^jJ. al_ieP lSagTl_gejW \jVagedl_ ]lcdgdlKel _UclZ: 43% \jVagedl_ j\iHd
lSagTl_geji _UDi cai]eiVl lSGiVl, _ dl\ Kjc^i 26,1% cai]eii c[iJjg^Peli/[alCiccjleg^Peli, c _UcDj\ j eiTgZleKieeU\ _UcDj\ —
16,4% l[alDieeUM. : [l]g_^WHGi\ Sl^PDjecd_i, daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ W_^WHdcW [ai]cdg_jdi^W\j djdY^PelQ egJjleg^Pelcdj cdageU [aljcMlN]iejW (95—96%). : dl Ni _ai\W lZl^l 4% daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ — aYccZji (Sl^PDjecd_l
jT ejM j\iHd VagN]gecd_l ZagjeU). Aai]j l[alDieeUM daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ 40,8 — [lcdlWeeUi \jVagedU,
ei [lZj]gHGji FlccjH Sl^ii Vl]g, 38 — JjaZY^WaeUi \jVagedU j
21,2% — _[ia_Ui [ajiMg_Dji _ cdageY _ 2011 V. :[ia_Ui [ajiMg_Dji _
FlccjH — cYGicd_ieel Sl^ii \l^l]Ui \jVagedU, Sl^ii [l^l_jeU jT
ejM — ]l 25 ^id, _ lcel_el\ jT cai]eigTjgdcZjM VlcY]gacd_. jaZY^WaegW \jVagJjW dag]jJjleeg ]^W dgZjM
[lcU^gHGjM cdage, ZgZ <l^]l_g,
Zagjeg. : egcdlWGii _ai\W leg cdg^g [aj_UKelQ j ]^W VagN]ge g]NjZjcdgeg. $\i^j agSldY eg Fl]jei dl^PZl 57,3% l[alDieeUM. : Flccjj agSldgHd eg [lcdlWeelQ lcel_i 85,4% \jVagedl_, 7,1 _ai\ieel ei
agSldgid j jGid agSldY, 1,1% ei agSldgid j ei jGid agSldY.
7cel_eUi _j]U TgeWdlcdj daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_: l[dl_gW j alT-
ejKegW
dlaVl_^W; ai\led g_dldagec[ladg j SUdl_UM jT]i^jQ — 36,3%,
cdaljdi^Pcd_l — 22,6, Zl\\Yeg^PeUi, clJjg^PeUi j [iacleg^PeUi
Yc^YVj — 13,2, dagec[lad j c_WTP — 8,3% agSldgHGjM. *g jeUi _j]U
?Zlel\jKicZlQ ]iWdi^Pelcdj [ajMl]jdcW \ieii 1/5 agSldgHGjM. :[ia_Ui [ajSU_Dji eg alccjQcZjQ aUelZ daY]g Tgej\gHd agSlKji \icdg,
ei [ai]0W_^WHGji ciaPiTeUM daiSl_gejQ Z Z_g^jCjZgJjj j lSagTl_gejH agSldejZl_. l^PDi [l^l_jeU jT ejM agSldgHd eiZ_g^jCjJjal_geeU\j agSlKj\j
. aj Kid_iadj eiZ_g^jCjJjal_geeUM agSlKjM
agSldgHd _ daiM cCiagM: dlaVl_^i (30,9%), Zl\\Yeg^Pel\ j clJjg^Pel\ lSc^YNj_gejj (25%) j cdaljdi^Pcd_i (20,7%).
-
138
7SagTl_geji, Z_g^jCjZgJjW, [alCiccjleg^PeUi TegejW daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ ei _lcdaiSl_geU eg alccjQcZl\ aUeZi daY]g: _ \gccl_l\ [laW]Zi \jVagedU [l[l^eWHd ejTDji [alCiccjleg^PeUi
VaY[[U. 73% \jVagedl_, agSldg_DjM ]l [ajiT]g _ FlccjH, _UeYN]ieU
SU^j [l\ieWdP _j] ?Zlel\jKicZlQ ]iWdi^Pelcdj, 60% — [alCiccjleg^PeYH VaY[[Y, Z ZldlalQ lej [ajeg]^iNg^j eg Fl]jei. l^ii daidj
daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_, j\iHGjM l[Ud agSldU ]l [ajiT]g
_ FlccjH,
TgeWdU eUei eg agSldgM, ei [ai]0W_^WHGjM _llSGi ejZgZjM daiSl_gejQ Z lSagTl_gejH j Z_g^jCjZgJjj agSldejZg. *g dgZjM agSlKjM
\icdgM agSldgid ZgN]UQ Kid_iadUQ [ai]cdg_jdi^P [alCiccjleg^PeUM
VaY[[, _ ZldlaUM [ai]0W_^WHdcW lclSUi daiSl_gejW Z lSagTl_gejH
agSldejZg (eg^jKji _UcDiVl j^j cai]eiVl c[iJjg^PelVl).
AiTleeUQ MgagZdia daY]g ei cdl^P _UagNie _ [lc^i]eji Vl]U; eg-
_icieej\ _c[^icZl\, ld\iKgidcW j _dlagW _l^eg [ajSUdjQ, [aj-
aW]Y c
Ml]WGgWcW eg lcieP. A 2011 V. lcieejQ [ajdlZ daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_
[ai_UDgid _icieejQ. : lcel_el\ ?dl \l^l]Ui \jVagedU, _[ia_Ui [ajSU_Dji eg TgagSldZj _ FlccjH [lc^i lZleKgejW lSYKiejW.
=l \iePDiQ \iai, 82,6% \jVagedl_ egMl]WdcW eg diaajdlajj FB
^iVg^Pel. l^PZl 6,5% aic[le]iedl_ ei j\iHd ejZgZjM ]iQcd_jdi^PeUM ]lZY\iedl_ (_Z^HKgW
\jVagJjleeYH ZgadY). 7]egZl, 6,9% aic[le]iedl_ YZ^lej^jcP ld ld_idg. *i \ieii 60% daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ — eiTgZleeUi \jVagedU, ei j\iHGji agTaiDiejW eg TgeWdji daY]l_lQ ]iWdi^PelcdPH. 7dcYdcd_ji TgZleeUM lcel_gejQ ]^W agSldU _
Flccjj _gaPjaYidcW ld _j]l_ ?Zlel\jKicZlQ ]iWdi^Pelcdj j [alCiccjleg^PelQ VaY[[U. :UclZg ZleJiedagJjW agSldgHGjM SiT TgZleeUM eg dl lcel_gejQ _ dlaVl_^i, V]i
agSldgHd 41,9 % _ciM eiTgZleeUM
\jVagedl_.
.ajdiajj ldeiciejW daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ Z j\iHGj\, j ei j\iHGj\ TgZleeUi lcel_gejW ]^W TgeWdjW daY]l_lQ ]iWdi^PelcdPH Cla\g^PeU. =WdgW KgcdP j\iHGjM ]lZY\iedU, [lT_l^WHGji j\ ^iVg^Pel
agSldgdP eg diaajdlajj Flccjj, — ^jJg c agTaiDiejW\j eg agSldY Y
CjTjKicZjM ^jJ (dgZ egTU_gi\U\j «[gdiedg\j»). 7]egZl, Sl^PDjecd_l
«[gdiedejZl_» ei j\iHd ejZgZlVl l[Udg agSldU
Y CjTjKicZjM ^jJ j
agSldgHd _ Zl\\iaKicZjM j _ SH]NideUM [ai][ajWdjWM, _ Sl^PDjecd_i
c_li\ — _ dlaVl_^i j cdaljdi^Pcd_i. ._gTj^iVg^PegW TgeWdlcdP «[gdiedejZl_» jcZgNgid [ai]cdg_^iejW l alccjQcZl\ aUeZi daY]g j ]jcZai]jdjaYid j]iH ^iVg^jTgJjj Kgcdj daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_.
*gaW]Y c eiTgZleelQ TgeWdlcdPH, DjalZl agc[alcdageieg eiCla\g^PegW TgeWdlcdP, ZlV]g ldelDiejW c agSldl]gdi^i\ ei lCla\^WHdcW
]lZY\iedg^Pel
. *i Sl^ii 2/5 agSldgHGjM daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ j\i-
Hd [jcP\ieeUi ]lVl_laU c agSldl]gdi^i\. $\iidcW [aW\gW c_WTP \iN-
139
]Y eiCla\g^PelQ TgeWdlcdPH j eiTgZleelQ daY]l_lQ ]iWdi^PelcdPH:
ei^iVg^Pel TgeWdUi agSldgHd eg lcel_i YcdeUM clV^gDiejQ. : egjSl^ii agc[alcdageieeUM _j]gM ]iWdi^Pelcdj KgGi _cdaiKgidcW [agZdjZg
egQ\g eg lcel_i YcdelVl clV^gDiejW. Aai]eWW [al]l^Njdi^PelcdP agSlKiQ ei]i^j agSldgHGjM \jVagedl_ clcdg_^Wid 61 Kgc j c^gSl _gaPjaYidcW ld _j]l_ ?Zlel\jKicZlQ ]iWdi^Pelcdj j [ag_l_lVl cdgdYcg
\jVagedg. *i^iVg^PeUi agSldejZj, ZgZ
[ag_j^l, egj\ieii lSagTl_geeUi j Z_g^jCjJjal_geeUi \jVagedU, agSldgHd [lKdj eg daj Kgcg
Sl^PDi ^iVg^PeUM.
<lel?dejKicZji \jVagedcZji agSlKji Zl^^iZdj_U ei cdl^P agc[alcdageieU, _ ejM agSldgHd KYdP Sl^PDi Kid_iadj daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_. dejKicZj Via\idjKeU\j W_^WHdcW ci^PcZli MlTWQcd_l (54%
agSldgHd _ lZaYNiejj Ti\^WZl_), cdaljdi^Pcd_l (44%). 7cel_egW KgcdP
daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ agSldgid _ c\iDgeeUM Zl^^iZdj_gM (46%), _
Zl^^iZdj_gM cl[^i\ieejZl_
agSldgHd 27%, cai]j daY]WGjMcW-\jVage-
dl_ jT ]aYVjM cdage — 10, cai]j \icdeUM — 10%.
7cel_eU\ WTUZl\ lSGiejW _ agSlKjM Zl^^iZdj_gM ]^W Sl^PDjecd_g aic[le]iedl_ W_^WidcW aYccZjQ (65% l[alDieeUM), eg \gdiajecZl\ WTUZi lSGgHdcW 10%, eg aYccZl\ j \gdiajecZl\ — 25%. l^PDjecd_l aic[le]iedl_, [l lJieZi jedia_PHial_, MlalDl _^g]iHd aYccZj\ WTUZl\: 25% — Vl_laWd lKieP MlalDl, 28 — MlalDl, 29% —
Y]l_^id_lajdi^Pel. "l^W _^g]iHGjM
aYccZj\ [^lMl j^j lKieP [^lMl
clcdg_j^g 16%. =aj ?dl\ 10% l[alDieeUM ld\idj^j, Kdl [ajiMg_ _
FlccjH, ei _^g]i^j aYccZj\, 47 ei\elVl Teg^j, 42 — c_lSl]el _^g]i^j. 18% egT_g^j aYccZjQ al]eU\ WTUZl\. 21% aic[le]iedl_ cKjdgHd, Kdl j\ eilSMl]j\l jTYKgdP aYccZjQ, 24% — Kdl _lT\lNel c^i]Yid jTYKgdP.
=l^l_jeg daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ dgZ j^j jegKi c_WTU_gHd c_li
SY]YGii c FlccjiQ. 27,7% l[alDieeUM eg\iaieU
lcdgdPcW _ Flccjj eg_ciV]g, 22,5% clSjagHdcW [lcdlWeel iT]jdP \iN]Y cdagelQ, ldZY]g lej
[ajiMg^j, j FlccjiQ. =lKdj cdl^PZl Ni daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ [^gejaYHd _iaeYdPcW eg Fl]jeY: 17,3% — KiaiT eicZl^PZl \icWJi_, TgagSldg_ ]ieiV, g 27,9% — [lagSldg_ iGi Vl]-]aYVlQ. AdagdiVjW \jVagJjleelVl [l_i]iejW Tg_jcjd ld clJjg^Pel-]i\lVagCjKicZjM MgagZdiajcdjZ
daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_, \jVagJjleelVl l[Udg j, lclSieel, _ai\iej
[aiSU_gejW _ Flccjj. %egKjdi^Peli Zl^jKicd_l \jVagedl_-_UMl]Ji_
jT cdage A*# Mldi^j SU, KdlSU jM ]idj [l^YKj^j lSagTl_geji _ Flccjj: 32% daY]WGjMcW-\jVagedl_ jT SU_DjM clHTeUM aic[YS^jZ _USjagHd FlccjH, lcdg^PeUi [^gejaYHd ]gdP lSagTl_geji ]idW\ _ cdagei
[aljcMlN]iejW, ^jDP 1% [ai][lKjdgHd ZgZYH-dl ]aYVYH cdageY. =l^elcdPH jediVajal_geeU\j \lNel cKjdgdP 4—12% daY]WGjMcW-\jV-
140
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