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Файл:Организационно-правовые основы регулирования миграционных процессов. Административно-правовой аспект. Монография
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egci^iejW \iN]Y agT^jKeU\j VlcY]gacd_g\j.
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=lcZl^PZY ZgZ Ji^lcdeli W_^ieji VagN]gecd_l Djai [ag_l_lVl
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[alKiVl, clJjg^PeUi, [l^jdjKicZji, \lag^PeUi j [cjMl^lVjKicZji gc[iZdU, ?dl l[ai]i^Wid \elVllSagTji iVl CYeZJjQ, g j\ieel:
6 clJjg^PegW CYeZJjW — Ki^l_iZ, j\iHGjQ cdgdYc VagN]gejeg,
W_^WidcW [l^el[ag_eU\ K^iel\ lSGicd_g;
6 [l^jdjKicZgW CYeZJjW — YZgTU_gid eg _Tgj\llSagdeYH c_WTP
[l^jdjZj j Ki^l_iZg j _Z^HKgid _ ciSW ZgZ agc[alcdageieji eg je]j_j]g _ciQ [l^eldU [l^jdjKicZlQ _^gcdj VlcY]gacd_g,
dgZ j YKgcdji iVl _ lcYGicd_^iejj ?dlQ _^gcdj. dg CYeZJjW [l]agTY\i_gid
dgZNi [ajeWdji j [ajTegeji [l^jdjKicZjM j]ig^l_ VlcY]gacd_g;
6 \lag^PegW CYeZJjW — [l]agTY\i_gid eag_cd_ieel-?djKicZYH lc-
el_Y _Tgj\lldelDiejQ ^jKelcdj, VlcY]gacd_g j lSGicd_g, lcel_geeYH eg ld_idcd_ieel\ ldelDiejj Z NjTej. =leWdji «VagN]geje» _ ?dl\ c\Uc^i dlN]icd_ieel [leWdjH «[gdajld». =l^jdjZl?djKicZgW [lTjJjW
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6 [cjMl^lVjKicZgW CYeZJjW — [alW_^WidcW _ _j]i cg\lldlN]icd_-
^iejW ^jKelcdj cl cdagelQ [aljcMlN]iejW, c ii egal]l\, WTUZl\
j ZY^PdYalQ. : j]ig^i Ki^l_iZ ]l^Nie SUdP VagN]gejel\ dlQ
cdageU, c
ZldlalQ le ciSW ldlN]icd_^Wid [cjMl^lVjKicZj.
*ilSMl]j\l ld\idjdP _Tgj\llSYc^l_^ieelcdP [leWdjQ «VagN]ge-
cd_l» — «lSGicd_l» ([ai]cdg_^ieeli egal]l\, egJjiQ) — «VlcY]gacd_l», [lcZl^PZY _ jM lcel_i ^iNjd c^lNj_DgWcW YcdlQKj_gW lSGelcdP
je]j_j]l_. : dl Ni _ai\W, VlcY]gacd_l j VagN]gecd_l ldagNgHd agT^jKeUi cdlaleU (\l\iedU) laVgejTgJjj lSGicd_g.
AlldelDieji «lSGicd_l — VlcY]gacd_l», _ Zldlal\ [ia_jKeU\
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l dl\, Kdl cdgel_^i-
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eji VagN]gecd_g ZgZ [ag_l_lVl W_^iejW eild]i^j\l ld cdgel_^iejW
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1
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. $]iW VagN]gecd_g W_^W^gcP _UcDiQ clJjg^PelQ JieelcdPH
]^W K^ieg lSGjeU, [lcai]cd_l\ iVl l[ai]i^W^lcP [l^lNieji ^jKelcdj _ lSGicd_i.
*g egD _TV^W], clldelDieji [leWdjQ «VlcY]gacd_l» — «egal]»
(«egJjW») — «VagN]gecd_l» \lNel Y[alGieel [ai]cdg_jdP _ _j]i c^i]YHGiQ JjZ^jKelQ cMi\U: _ c_li\ clJjg^Pel\ TegKiejj, _ _j]i j]ij,
VagN]gecd_l c[lclScd_Yid Cla\jal_gejH egal]g (egJjj). *gal]
(egJjW) clT]gid
VlcY]gacd_l. #lcY]gacd_l, Ycdgeg_^j_gW [ag_l_lQ je-
cdjdYd VagN]gecd_g, Zlecl^j]jaYid, di\ cg\U\, egal] (egJjH).
=aj\iaU ldagNiejW [l]lSelQ _Tgj\lc_WTj _cdaiKgHdcW _ ZlecdjdYJjleeUM Cla\Y^jal_ZgM. gZ, _ .lecdjdYJjj ZagjeU, [ajeWdlQ 28 jHeW 1996 V., _ cd. 11 cZgTgel: «#lcY]gacd_l cl]iQcd_Yid Zlecl^j]gJjj j agT_jdjH YZagjecZlQ egJjj, ii jcdlajKicZlVl clTegejW,
dag]jJjQ j ZY^PdYaU, g dgZNi agT_jdjH ?dejKicZlQ, ZY^PdYaelQ
, WTU-
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eg^PeUM \iePDjecd_ ZagjeU»
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: Haj]jKicZlQ ^jdiagdYai CYeZJjj VagN]gecd_g ei _U]i^WHdcW,
di\ ei \ieii \U \lNi\ ldKid^j_l _U]i^jdP ?dellSagTYHGYH ([l ldelDiejH Z lSGicd_Y) j VlcY]gacd_llSagTYHGYH ([l ldelDiejH Z
VlcY]gacd_Y) CYeZJjj VagN]gecd_g, [lcZl^PZY l]el ^jDP YZgTgeji eg
VagN]gecd_l ZgZ eg lcel_Y (l]eY jT lcel_) ZlecdjdYJjleelVl cdalW
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. "Y\gidcW,
Kdl _ ]geel\ ZlediZcdi ZlecdjdYJjW cjelej\jTjaYidcW c VlcY]gacd_l\.
$dgZ, VagN]gecd_l ZgZ Ji^lcdeli W_^ieji [ai]cdg_^Wid clSlQ i]jecd_l clJjg^0elVl j [ag_l_lVl. : c^l_gai aYccZlVl WTUZg A.$. 7NiVl_g
«clJjg^Peli» [lej\gidcW ZgZ lSGicd_ieeli, ldelcWGiicW Z NjT-
1
dKieZl A..
2
*l_Ui .lecdjdYJjj cdage A*# j g^djj. <., 1998. A. 510.
3
"YegQ^l *.!.
Jjj: "jc. … Zge]. Haj]. egYZ. <., 2004. A.31.
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gQl !.
=l^jdjKicZji YKiejW "ai_eiVl Fj\g. <., 1977. A. 30.
=ag_l_li aiVY^jal_geji ]_lQelVl VagN]gecd_g _ FlccjQcZlQ Bi]iag-
Ag\llVagejKieji _^gcdj (ZagdZjQ ZYac ZlecdjdYJjleg^jT\g). <., 2001. A. 34.
102
ej, ]iWdi^Pelcdj ^H]iQ j jM ldelDiejW\ _ lSGicd_i, VlcY]gacd_i1.
$^j, [l-]aYVl\Y, clJjg^Peli — ?dl W_^ieji lSGicd_ieelQ NjTej, _lTejZgHGii _ [alJicci _Tgj\l]iQcd_jW ^H]iQ, [al]YZdl\ ZldlalVl _U-
2
cdY[gid ^jKelcdP, ld_iKgHGgW [ldaiSelcdW\ ]geelVl lSGicd_g
.
: clJjg^Pel\ gc[iZdi VagN]gecd_l lTegKgid c_WTP je]j_j]g c lSGicd_l\, lSagTYHGj\ VlcY]gacd_l j [ai]cdg_^ieeU\ _ _j]i l[ai]i^ieelQ cl_lZY[elcdj ^jJ: Zl^^iZdj_g, al]g, clJjg^PelQ VaY[[U
?dejKicZlQ lSGelcdj, egJjj, egal]g. dg c_WTP lS0iZdj_jaYidcW _
c_WTWM j^j ldelDiejWM Ki^l_iZg c lZaYNgHGj\j iVl ^H]P\j, Kdl Y
Sl^PDjecd_g egci^iejW VlcY]gacd_g cdgel_jdcW _lT\lNeU\ S^gVl]gaW lci]^l\Y \icdY Njdi^Pcd_g.
=leWdji VagN]gecd_g SU^l jT_icdel iGi [ai]Dicd_l_g_Dj\ VlcY]gacd_Y VaiKicZj\ [l^jcg\ j aj\cZj\ VagN]gecZj\ lSGjeg\.
#agN]gecd_l ]ai_elcdj ei [l]_iaVg^lcP [ag_l_l\Y lCla\^iejH j
ei W_^W^lcP l]eldj[eU\
. $e]j_j] [ajTeg_g^cW VagN]gejel\ dl^PZl
_ c_li\ [l^jci (lSGjei). *gMl]WcP _ei iVl, le diaW^ ?dl ZgKicd_l.
dj\ lS0WceWidcW dicegW [aj_WTgeelcdP VagN]gejeg Z laVgejTgJjj
je]j_j]l_, dgZ ZgZ dl^PZl leg \lV^g Vgagedjal_gdP i\Y «cYGicd_l_geji _ ZgKicd_i VagN]gejeg — i]jecd_ieeli dlV]g ]lcdlQeli Ki^l-
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_iZg cYGicd_l_geji»
.
.gZ VlcY]gacd_ieel-[ag_l_li W_^ieji VagN]gecd_l lCla\j^lcP
_\icdi c _lTejZel_ieji\ [ia_UM agSl_^g]i^PKicZjM VlcY]gacd_ (!CjeU, A[gadg, Fj\). : #aiJjj Cla\lQ VlcY]gacd_ieelQ laVgejTgJjj _UcdY[g^j [l^jcU, [ai]cdg_^W_Dji clSlQ eiSl^PDji Vlal]g-VlcY]gacd_g. Ag\l c^l_l lTegKg^l j Vlal] j VlcY]gacd_l, g _iaeii, lS0i]jeieji
c i]jelQ _^gcdPH j lSGicd_ieelQ NjTePH. ACiag KgcdeUM jediaicl_
VagN]ge _ [l^jci
SU^g TegKjdi^Pel YNi, Ki\ di[iaP. <elVji _l[alcU
ci\Pj, lSagTl_gejW [ai]cdg_^W^jcP VaiZg\ ]i^l\ lSGicd_ieeU\. =l?dl\Y [l^jc Djai VlcY]gacd_g _ cl_ai\ieel\ [lej\gejj c^l_g, ?dl
[l^jdjKicZj laVgejTl_geeli lSGicd_l. =l^jc — [ia_gW _ jcdlajj
Ki^l_iKicd_g Cla\g cllSGicd_g, ZldlaYH \lNel l[ai]i^jdP ZgZ
VagN]gecZjQ Zl^^iZdj_.
7]je jT egjSl^ii V^YSlZjM jcc^i]l_gdi^iQ jcdlajj ]ai_eiVl
[l^jcg C.JI. dKieZl ld\iKgid: «^gVl]gaW j\ieel ?dj\ c_lj\
lcl-
3
,
1
7NiVl_ A.$.
2
=l^jdjKicZgW clJjl^lVjW. <., 1999. A. 43, 44.
3
AYGicd_Yid \elVl ]iCjejJjQ clJjg^PelQ VaY[[U. =l] clJjg^PelQ VaY[[lQ, eg[aj\ia,
[lej\gidcW ^HSgW cl_lZY[elcdP je]j_j]l_, lS0i]jeieeUM lSGj\j jediaicg\j, egMl]WGj\jcW _l _Tgj\l]iQcd_jj, lZgTU_gHGjM ]aYV ]aYVY [l\lGP _ ]lcdjNiejj ^jKeUM Ji^iQ.
A\.: Al_ai\ieegW Tg[g]egW clJjl^lVjW: A^l_gaP. <., 1990. A. 321, 322.
4
^^jeiZ #.
A^l_gaP aYccZlVl WTUZg. <., 1985. A. 196.
=ag_l cl_ai\ieelVl VlcY]gacd_g. . 1. A=S., 1903. A. 196.
103
SieelcdW\ [l^jc cY\i^ _UagSldgdP j Tgdi\ [iai]gdP _ egc^i]cd_l
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1
cd_g, ]i\lZagdjj, aic[YS^jZgejT\g»
.
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Cla\ VagN]gecd_ieelcdj, ZldlagW agcc\gdaj_gidcW _ ZgKicd_i l]elQ
jT _gNeiQDjM ]lSal]idi^iQ c_lSl]elVl j _lc[jdgeelVl ?^^jeg, ld^jKgHGiQ iVl ld _ga_gag j^j agSg. : Ml]i ?_l^HJjj ]ai_eiVaiKicZlVl
lSGicd_g VagN]gecd_ieelcdP lZgTU_gidcW dicel c_WTgeelQ c [gdajldjT\l\, _UcdY[gW iVl _UcDiQ Cla\lQ. "i\lZajd _U]_jVgid j]iH l
]l^Vi VagN]gejeg ZgZ ?dejKicZlQ
ZgdiVlajj, ZldlaUQ clcdlW^ _ TgSldi
ZgN]lVl VagN]gejeg l S^gVl[l^YKjj [l^jcg. =l iVl \eiejH, c_WTj
\iN]Y VagN]geg\j j [l^jcl\ ZlaieWdcW _ ?dejKicZjM, g ei [ag_l_UM
egKg^gM j elcWd MgagZdia eag_cd_ieelVl, g ei [ag_l_lVl ldelDiejW
gagZdiael, Kdl _ ]ai_ejM [l^jcgM c VagN]gecd_l\ SU^j c_WTgeU, [aiN]i _ciVl, [l^jdjKicZji [ag_g: c_lSl]g, [ag_l eg aiDieji
VlcY]gacd_ieeUM ]i^, YKgcdji _ [ag_lcY]jj j d.]. =aj ?dl\ dgZj\j
[ag_g\j eg]i^W^jcP ^jDP di, Zdl ei Tgej\g^cW CjTjKicZj\ daY]l\.
aY] SU^ [lcdU]elQ lSWTgeelcdPH, _U[l^eieji ZldlalQ jcZ^HKg^l Ki^l_iZg jT cCiaU VagN]gecd_g j
ag_iecd_g.
=aj _ciQ Tg\ZeYdlcdj j lVagejKieelcdj VagN]gecd_g ]ai_ejM [l^jcl_ dgZlQ jecdjdYd \lV SUdP [lalN]ie ^jDP _UclZj\ Yal_ei\ ZY^PdYaU, _UcdY[gW _ dl Ni _ai\W ZgZ cai]cd_l CYeZJjlejal_gejW ?dlQ
ZY^PdYaU, ii ]g^PeiQDiVl agT_jdjW j lSlVgGiejW. *i c^YKgQel _ dY
?[lMY j]iW j jecdjdYd VagN]gecd_g SU^j MgagZdiaeU ^jDP ]^W dgZlQ
YejZg^PelQ Cla\U VlcY]gacd_ieelVl
YcdalQcd_g, ZgZ [l^jcegW3.
A_lilSagTji agSl_^g]i^PKicZlVl VagN]gecd_g, ZgZ ld\iKgidcW _
ldiKicd_ieelQ ^jdiagdYai, TgZ^HKgidcW _ dl\, Kdl lel W_^W^lcP gcclJjgJjiQ c_lSl]eUM ^H]iQ, lcel_U_g_DiQcW eg Zl^^iZdj_el\ _^g]iejj j ?Zc[^YgdgJjiQ ]icWdZl_ dUcWK agSl_. *i _ci c_lSl]eUi ^H]j,
[alNj_gHGji eg diaajdlajj VlcY]gacd_g, lS^g]g^j clcdlWeji\ VagN]gecd_g j ei _ci cKjdg^jcP [l^el[ag_eU\j. : Sl^PDjecd_i VaiKicZjM
[l^jcl_ lcel_geji\ ]^W
[l^YKiejW VagN]gecd_g W_^W^lcP lS^g]geji
Ti\i^PelQ clScd_ieelcdPH j [aljcMlN]ieji jT l[ai]i^ieelQ ci\Pj,
al]g j ]i\g.
!ajcdldi^P, jTYKgW [ajal]Y VagN]gecd_g, _ Kgcdelcdj, YZgTU_g^
eg dl, Kdl cl_\icdeli [alNj_geji c VagN]geg\j ei lTegKg^l [ajTegejW Tg ^jJl\ [ag_g VagN]gecd_g. =ag_g\j VagN]gecd_g ei lS^g]g^j
2
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1
dKieZl A..
2
*iacicWeJ B.C.
3
YZgDi_g .!.
=l^jdjKicZji YKiejW "ai_eiVl Fj\g. <., 1977. A. 41.
=l^jdjKicZji YKiejW "ai_eiQ #aiJjj. <., 1979. A. 78.
=ag_l, \lag^P, ^jKelcdP. <., 1986. A. 60.
104
j ei ]lcdjVDji cl_iaDieel^idjW HelDj, MldW j alN]ieeUi ld VagN]ge [l^jcg (lSGjeU), g dgZNi NieGjeU j cdgaJU. .gKicd_l VagN]gejeg !ajcdldi^P [ajTeg_g^ dl^PZl Tg di\j, Zdl YKgcd_l_g^ _ cY]i j
egal]el\ clSagejj «: ?dl\ YKgcdjj, — [jcg^ #. ^^jeiZ, — j Yc\gd-
1
aj_g^j cYGicd_l VagN]gejeg, ld^jKji iVl ld [alcdlVl Njdi^W»
.
.gZ ld\iKg^ A.. dKieZl, VagN]gecd_l ]ai_elcdj j\i^l _eYdaieeHH Vag]gJjH. $ _ aj\cZjM VagN]gecZjM lSGjegM, j _ VaiKicZjM
[l^jcgM _ci VagN]gei ]i^j^jcP [l c[lclSY _lTejZel_iejW Y ejM VagN]gecd_g eg ]_i lcel_eUi VaY[[U. : [ia_YH _Ml]j^j ^jJg, «al]j_DjicW VagN]geg\j» (cives nati), _dlaYH clcdg_^W^j ^jJg, «c]i^geeUi VagN]geg\j» (cives facti). =ajKi\, [lc^i]eWW j\i^g ]l_l^Pel
eil]elal]eUQ clcdg_. : eii _Ml]j^j «ZgZ ld]i^PeUi ^jJg, dgZ j Ji^Ui lSGjeU,
[l^YKj_Dji [ag_g VagN]gecd_g». AH]g Ni A.. dKieZl _Z^HKgid j
2
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AlV^gcel [ajeWdl\Y _ 451—450 VV. TgZleY =iajZ^g, VagN]geg\j
cKjdg^jcP ^jDP di ^jJg \YNcZlVl [l^g, Y ZlVl ldiJ j \gdP SU^j [ajal]eU\j j [l^el[ag_eU\j VagN]geg\j !Cje. #agN]gecd_l [ajlSaidg^lcP c 18-^ideiVl _lTagcdg. %gdi\ _ diKieji ]_YM ^id HelDg [alMl]j^
_lieeYH c^YNSY. A 20 ^id i\Y agTaiDg^lcP YKgcd_l_gdP _ egal]el\ clSagejj. BjTjKicZjQ daY],
Tg jcZ^HKieji\ Ti\^i]i^PKicZlVl, [ajTeg_g^cW ei]lcdlQeU\ VagN]gejeg. «=lTlaWGji» [alCiccjj SU^j Y]i^l\
jelcdageJi_-\id?Zl_, _l^Pelld[YGieejZl_, agSl_.
: ld^jKji ld !Cje, lcel_Y [ag_ VagN]gejeg _ A[gadi clcdg_^W^l
_^g]ieji Z^ial\, YKgcdji _ VlcY]gacd_ieel\ _lc[jdgejj (gVlVi) j cl_\icdeUM dag[iTgM (cjccjdjWM). *gaW]Y c [l^el[ag_eU\j VagN]geg\j c Haj]jKicZlQ dlKZj TaiejW _ VaiKicZjM Vlal]gM cYGicd_l_g^j
^jJg c
ei[l^eU\j VagN]gecZj\j [ag_g\j, ^jDieeUi [ag_g Tgej\gdP
_ci j^j eiZldlaUi g]\jejcdagdj_eUi ]l^Nelcdj. *i[l^el[ag_eU\j
VagN]geg\j cKjdg^jcP dgZNi \l^l]Ui \YNKjeU, ei ]lcdjVDji _lTagcdg 30 ^id, egKjegW c ZldlalVl Ki^l_iZ \lV gZdj_el YKgcd_l_gdP _
]iWdi^Pelcdj [YS^jKeUM YKaiN]iejQ, g dgZNi NieGjeU, ^jDieeUi _
!CjegM [ag_g lSagGgdPcW _ cY] j lS^g]gdP Ti\i^PelQ clScd_ieelcdPH. : ?dlQ c_WTj _ jcdlajj
VagN]gecd_g clcdg_ VagN]ge [l lS0i\Y
[ag_lc[lclSelcdj ]i^j^cW eg ]_i VaY[[U: VagN]ge [l^elVl [ag_g
(cives optimo jura), lS^g]g_DjM j [l^jdjKicZlQ j ci\iQel-j\YGicdcd_ieelQ [ag_lc[lclSelcdPH j VagN]ge YaiTgeelVl [ag_g (minimo jura),
3
j\i_DjM lVagejKieeYH [ag_lc[lclSelcdP
.
1
^^jeiZ #.
2
dKieZl A..
3
g\ Ni.
=ag_l cl_ai\ieelVl VlcY]gacd_g. . 1. A. 195.
ZgT. clK. A. 31.
105
7SWTgeelcdj VagN]ge TgZ^HKg^jcP _ TgGjdi VlcY]gacd_g ld _eiDejM j _eYdaieejM _agVl_, TgGjdi [ag_l_UM Ycdgel_^iejQ, _ [l_jel_iejj TgZleg\ j YKgcdjj _ ld[ag_^iejj ZY^Pdl_. ic[aiZlc^l_eli
_U[l^eieji ?djM lSWTgeelcdiQ TgZai[^W^lcP _ Z^Wd_gM ?CiSl_ j VlcY-
1
]gacd_ieeUM c^YNgGjM
.
=iajl] _lTejZel_iejW j cdgel_^iejW aj\cZlQ VagN]gecZlQ lSGjeU (ageejQ Fj\ VIII—VI __. ]l e.?.) c clJjg^PelQ dlKZj TaiejW MgagZdiajTYidcW agT^lNieji\ Z^gccl_ j VlcY]gacd_g. 7cel_Y clJjg^PelQ cdaYZdYaU ageeiVl Fj\g clcdg_^W^j al]l_Ui lSagTl_gejW (dajSU, ZYajj, ViedU). #lc[l]cd_l_g^j Zl^^iZdj_eUi Cla\U clScd_ieelcdj eg lcel_eli cai]cd_l [aljT_l]cd_g — Ti\^H, el lSGicd_l YNi
clJjg^Pel eil]elal]eU\. i^ [alJicc clJjg^PelQ ]jCCiaie-
SU^l
JjgJjj: _UW_^W^jcP agT^jKjW _eYdaj al]l_ ([gdaleU — Z^jiedU), cYGicd_l_g^l agScd_l _ [gdajgaMg^PelQ Cla\i. *gKg^j Cla\jal_gdPcW
2
Z^gccU-clc^l_jW: [gdajJjj j [^iSij
.
c^j [l icdicd_ieel\Y [ag_Y (jus naturale) _ci ^H]j Cla\g^Pel
ag_eU, dl _ [^gei jcdlajKicZj l[ai]i^ieeUM egJjleg^PeUM [ag_l_UM cjcdi\ (jus gentrim) egS^H]gHdcW lVagejKiejW: [l ldelDiejH Z
agSg\ j KYNiTi\Jg\ [ag_l ld]i^PelQ VagN]gecZlQ lSGjeU _UcdY[gid [aj_j^iVjiQ. =l^el[ag_eU\j ^jJg\j W_^WHdcW dl^PZl K^ieU
?dlQ lSGjeU.
A^l_g Civis Romanus sum (« icdP aj\cZjQ VagN]geje») — SU^j
egj_UcDiQ cg\llJieZlQ, jcdlKejZl\ Vla]lcdj j di\, Z
Ki\Y cdai\j^jcP \elVji. 7S^g]g_DjQ cdgdYcl\ «VagN]geje Fj\g» ei_l^Pel
_UTU_g^ Z ciSi Y_gNieji j _ciV]g \lV agccKjdU_gdP eg [l]]iaNZY
cl cdlaleU \icdeUM _^gcdiQ. .^gccjKicZlQ j^^HcdagJjiQ dlVl,
ZgZli TegKieji j\i^ ?dld [ag_l_lQ cdgdYc, \lNid c^YNjdP aiDieji
l]elVl jT cY]l_ _ ldelDiejj ]_YM [aicdY[ejZl_ — =g_^g j =idag,
[ajVl_laieeUM Z c\iadelQ ZgTej. =g_i^ SU^ aj\cZj\
VagN]gej-
el\ j clV^gcel TgZleg\ Fj\g SU^ YSjd \iKl\, g =ida, ei lS^g]g_-
3
DjQ ?dj\ cdgdYcl\, SU^ agc[Wd eg Zaicdi
.
:UclZjQ cdgdYc aj\cZlVl VagN]gejeg, _ jdlVi [ai]lcdg_^W_DjQcW
j ^jJg\ eiaj\cZlVl [aljcMlN]iejW, SU^ _UagNieji\ ZY^PdYaelVl
[ai_lcMl]cd_g, l[ag_]U_g_DiVl KY_cd_l «lclSlQ \jccjj» j\[iajj.
$\[iagdla .^g_]jQ, clV^gcel jcdlajZY gJjdY, _ c_liQ aiKj _ Aiegdi eg[l\jeg^: «<U ]lcdjV^j [alKelVl c[lZlQcd_jW _eYdaj egDiVl
VlcY]gacd_g j S^jcdgdi^PelVl [l^lNiejW _l _eiDejM ]i^gM ^jDP [lc-
1
aj]jKicZgW ?eJjZ^l[i]jW / =l] ai]. <.. jMl\jal_g. <., 1998. A. 75.
2
Ag_i^Pi_ :.!.
3
!eeiac .
Fj\cZli Kgcdeli [ag_l. <., 1995. A. 6.
$cdlajW i_al[iQcZlVl [ag_g. <., 1995. A. 65.
106
^i dlVl, ZgZ [ai]lcdg_j^j egDi VagN]gecd_l egal]elcdW\, [alNj_gHGj\ Tg aiZlQ =l... FgT_i \U agcZgj_gi\cW, Kdl Z eg\ [iaici^j^jcP jT
$c[gejj Sg^PdU?.. dl [lVYSj^l ^gZi]i\leWe, ZgZ ei dl, Kdl lej ldVlagNj_g^jcP ld [lSiN]ieeUM, ZgZ di KYNicdageJU? ! lcel_gdi^P egDiVl VlcY]gacd_g Fl\Y^ ld^jKg^cW cdl^P _U]gHGiQcW \Y]alcdPH, Kdl
_j]i^ _l \elVjM eg
[aldWNiejj l]elVl j dlVl Ni ]eW cegKg^g _agVl_,
[ldl\ — VagN]ge».
=ag_l VagN]gecd_g — jTegKg^Pel [ajeg]^iNg^l Njdi^W\ Fj\g.
: 89 V. ]l e.?. lel SU^l [ajTegel Tg _ci\j Njdi^W\j $dg^jj. ]jZd
.gagZg^^U _ 212 V. e.?. ]g^, egZleiJ, ?dl [ag_l _ci\ c_lSl]eU\ Njdi^W\ j\[iajj.
«Aj^g aj\cZlQ _^gcdj _ dl\, Kdl leg
ldZaUdg eg_cdaiKY ?^jdi jT
TgM_gKieeUM [al_jeJjQ. :cZlai _ aj\cZl\ Aiegdi Y_j]Wd Vg^^PcZjM
j VaiKicZjM ciegdlal_. $\[iagdlag\j SY]Yd cdgel_jdPcW _UMl]JU
jT $c[gejj j "g^\gdje. Fj\cZli VagN]gecd_l [ai]lcdg_^WidcW _ci
Sl^ii j Sl^ii DjalZl. *l_Ui VagN]gei Vl^lcYHd, cdai\WdcW [l[gcdP
_ \gVjcdagdYaY, YKgcd_YHd _ [l^jdjKicZlQ j g]\jejcdagdj_elQ NjT-
1
ej j\[iajj»
.
: dl Ni _ai\W, DjalZli agc[alcdageieji aj\cZlVl VagN]gecd_g
c_WTgel c [iajl]l\ Y[g]Zg Fj\cZlQ j\[iajj j Y\iePDieji\ _ eiQ
al^j aj\^We j _llSGi Njdi^iQ $dg^jj. Ni j\[iagdla :ic[gcjge
(I _.) Y\iePDg^ Kjc^l jdg^PWecZjM cl^]gd _ ^iVjlegM, dgZ ZgZ lej
_iaSl_g^jcP jT ei]l_l^PelQ j _lTSYN]ieelQ Aai]U Njdi^iQ jdg^PWecZjM Vlal]l_. 7e Ni [lZal_jdi^Pcd_l_g^ cg\l\Y DjalZl\Y
[ai-
]lcdg_^iejH aj\cZlVl VagN]gecd_g Njdi^W\ Vlal]l_ Tg[g]eUM
2
[al_jeJjQ
.
FgT^lNieji agSl_^g]i^PKicZlVl cdalW j Cla\jal_geji Cil]g^PelVl lSGicd_g _eic^j jT\ieiejW _ [lej\geji VagN]gecd_g. 7ZleKgdi^Pel jcKiTgid lVagejKieeUQ [ajeJj[ Haj]jKicZlVl ag_iecd_g c_lSl]elVl egci^iejW; i\Y eg c\ieY [ajMl]jd Ycdageieji jT clJjg^PelQ
cdaYZdYaU [l^elcdPH Sic[ag_eUM. *g c\ieY [leWdjH «VagN]gecd_l»
_ Cil]g^Pel\ lSGicd_i [lW_^WidcW dia\je «[l]]gecd_l», MgagZdiajTYHGjQ ^jKeYH Tg_jcj\lcdP _gccg^g ld cHTiaieg. 7clSieelcdP
[l^lNiejW ^jKelcdj _ ?[lMY cai]ei_iZl_PW clcdlW^g _ dl\, Kdl K^ie Cil]g^PelVl lSGicd_g _ciV]g ld ZlVl-dl Tg_jci^, \iN]Y di\ ZgZ TegKjdi^PeUi c^lj ?dlVl lSGicd_g cKjdg^jcP Haj]jKicZj c_lSl]eU\j.
Bil]g^Peli lSGicd_l cdalj^lcP, c l]elQ cdlaleU, eg ldelDiejWM
Vlc[l]cd_g j [l]KjeiejW, [lcZl^PZY ejZdl _ ei\ ei SU^ c_lSl]ie [l^-
1
<jZi^P =Pia.
2
Rostovtzeff <.
"ai_ejQ Fj\. <., 1999. A. 7.
The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Oxford. P. 311, 315.
107
elcdPH, j ZgN]UQ j\i^ c_liVl Vlc[l]jeg. A ]aYVlQ cdlaleU, Cla\jal_geji Zla[lagJjQ _eYdaj ?dlVl lSGicd_g (aUJgacZjM la]iel_, \legDicZjM la]iel_, lS0i]jeiejQ dlaVl_Ji_, ai\ic^ieejZl_), ej_i^jaYW je]j_j]Yg^PelcdP ^jKelcdj, ]i^g^l ii ag_elQ cai]j K^iel_ ]geelQ Zla[lagJjj. dl ag_iecd_l dgZNi SU^l NicdZl aiV^g\iedjal_gel
TgZleg\j j lSUKgW\j, l]egZl _ Zla[lagdj_el\ ag_iecd_i SU^j Tg^l-
lcel_U diM daiSl_gejQ ag_el[ag_jW, ZldlaUi W_j^jcP l]ej\ jT
NieU
^lTYeVl_ VaW]YGiQ SYaNYgTelQ ai_l^HJjj
1
.
AYGicd_l Cil]g^PelVl [l]]gecd_g clcdg_^W^j [l_jeelcdj j eg^lVj, _lT^gVgi\Ui eg [l]gdeUi clc^l_jW (d.i. clJjg^PeUi VaY[[U ^H]iQ, egMl]j_DjMcW eg lclSl\ Haj]jKicZl\ [l^lNiejj, _ Sl^PDjecd_i c^YKgi_, Yegc^i]l_geel\). :ldKjeg Cil]g^g [ai_agGgidcW _ cg\lcdlWdi^PeYH VlcY]gacd_ieeYH i]jejJY, _ [ai]i^gM ZldlalQ Cil]g^
lcYGicd_^W^ cY_iaieeYH _l^H, lS^g]g^ [ag_g\j [YS^jKelQ _^gcdj j
agcc\gdaj_g^ egci^ieji ZgZ
c_ljM [l]]geeUM.
=l]]gecd_l [ai]cdg_^W^l clSlQ _UagNieji ^jKelQ Tg_jcj\lcdj
ZaicdPWejeg ld Cil]g^g. A^lNj_DiicW clc^l_ji Zai[lcdeUM ZaicdPWe
SU^l ^jDiel [YS^jKeUM [ag_ j lVagejKiel _ c_ljM ^jKeUM [ag_gM.
: ?djM Yc^l_jWM jecdjdYd [l]]gecd_g W_^W^cW lCjJjg^PeU\ _UagNieji\ [ajZai[^iejW ZaicdPWecd_g Z Ti\^i, clScd_ieejZl\ ZldlalQ
SU^ Cil]g^.
: [iajl] cdgel_^iejW gScl^HdjT\g, ZlV]g [aljcMl]jd ZleJiedagJjW VlcY]gacd_ieelQ _^gcdj
_ aiTY^Pdgdi lSagTl_gejW Jiedag^jTl_geeUM VlcY]gacd_, egKjegid cZ^g]U_gdPcW jecdjdYd [l]]gecd_g _ciVl
egci^iejW \legaMY ZgZ _iaMl_el\Y _UagTjdi^H cY_iaieelQ _l^j.
=l^jdjZl-[ag_l_gW j]iW VagN]gecd_g jcdlajKicZj dicel [iai[^idieg c j]iW\j ag_iecd_g j egal]elVl cY_iaiejdidg, [lcZl^PZY c
VagN]gecd_l\ c_WTU_g^lcP YejKdlNieji Cil]g^PeUM clc^l_jQ j [aj_j^iVjQ, [ag_l eg YKgcdji _ lcYGicd_^iejj VlcY]gacd_ieelQ _^gcdj.
A ?dlVl \l\iedg
VagN]geje [iaicdgid SUdP jcZ^HKjdi^Pel lS0iZdl\
_^gcd_l_gejW, cdgel_jdcW cYS0iZdl\ _^gcdj.
AlJjg^PegW ai_l^HJjW _ciV]g l[ai]i^Wid ei dl^PZl el_UQ MgagZdia VlcY]gacd_ieelQ _^gcdj, el j el_Ui [lTjJjj [l ldelDiejH Z [ag_Y, TgZleelcdj j laVgejKel jT ejM _UdiZgHGiQ [alS^i\i [ag_l_lVl
[l^lNiejW ^jKelcdj _ lSGicd_i. YaNYgTegW ai_l^HJjW Ycdagej^g
clc^l_eUi lVagejKiejW ]^W SYaNYgTjj j lcYGicd_^W^gcP [l] j]il^l
VjKicZj\ _lT]iQcd_ji\ «Haj]jKicZlVl \jal_lTTaiejW», c\iej_DiVl
dil^lVjKicZli \jal_lTTaieji cai]ejM _iZl_. *g c\ieY Cil]g^Pel\Y
cdalH [ajDi^ Zg[jdg^jT\, _ lcel_i ZldlalVl ^iNg^g KgcdegW clScd-
-
1
YZgDi_g .$.
=ag_l, \lag^P, ^jKelcdP. <., 1986. A. 61.
108
_ieelcdP eg cai]cd_g [aljT_l]cd_g. YaNYgTjW D^g eg c_iaNieji Cil]g^PelVl cdalW c ^lTYeVg\j ag_iecd_g, TgZleelcdj, c[ag_i]^j_lcdj,
ZldlaUi ]l^NeU SU^j lS0iZdj_jal_gdPcW _ [ag_gM Ki^l_iZg el_lVl,
SYaNYgTelVl lSGicd_g, jSl _ Yc^l_jWM SYaNYgTeUM ai_l^HJjQ c[ag_i]^j_lcdP SU^g dlN]icd_ieeg ag_el[ag_jH. aiSl_gejW ag_el[ag_jW l[ai]i^W^jcP Yc^l_jW\j ?Zlel\jKicZlVl agT_jdjW Z^gccg SYaNYgTjj, cZl_geelVl ag\Zg\j Cil]g^PeUM [aj_j^iVjQ. $
ZlV]g ?Zlel\jKicZli agT_jdji lSGicd_g _U]_jeY^l daiSl_geji lc_lSlN]iejW ld
Cil]g^PeUM lZl_ j Ycdgel_^iejW [ag_l_lVl ag_iecd_g, dgZli daiSl_geji ]l^Nel SU^l [ajeWdP _cilSGjQ MgagZdia, agc[alcdagej_DjcP
ei dl^PZl eg SYaNYgTjH, el j eg ]aYVji Z^gccU lSGicd_g.
=leWdji «[l]]geeUQ» SU^l ldSalDiel ZgZ cj\_l^ [l^jdjKicZlVl Sic[ag_jW j YVeidiejW. BageJYTcZgW «"iZ^gagJjW [ag_ Ki^l_iZg j
VagN]gejeg» 1789 V. lCjJjg^Pel __i^g [leWdji «VagN]geje»,
c ZldlaU\ c_WTU_g^lcP [ai]cdg_^ieji l Haj]jKicZj c_lSl]elQ ^jKelcdj, lS^g]gHGiQ [ag_l\ eg YKgcdji _ [l^jdjKicZlQ NjTej. #agN]gecd_l _UagNgid [l^jdjZl-[ag_l_li TgZai[^ieji Cla\g^PelVl
ag_iecd_g, ZgZ ag_iecd_g _ciM [iai] TgZlel\, Zldlali ei [aj_i^l j
ei \lV^l [aj_icdj Z CgZdjKicZl\Y Yag_ej_gejH _ciM _ [l^PTl_gejj
?Zlel\jKicZj\j S^gVg\j j YKgcdjH
_l _^gcdj. YaNYgTeli VagN]gecd_l, _ ld^jKji ld Cil]g^PelVl [l]]gecd_g, YNi ei CjZcjaYid
ldZaUdl agT^jKjW Z^gccl_, ei Ycdgeg_^j_gid lclSlVl Haj]jKicZlVl
\icdg ]^W ZgN]lVl jT ejM _ VlcY]gacd_i. :UcdY[gW _ ZgKicd_i cj\_l^g j cai]cd_g TgZai[^iejW i]jecd_g egJjj _ ag\ZgM l]elVl VlcY]gacd_g, lel, egaW]Y c ]aYVj\j jecdjdYdg\j, [ai]cdg_^W^l Sl^ii
cl_iaDieeli j VjSZli
laY]ji [l]g_^iejW \gcc. :\icdi c di\, [gdajldjKicZjQ egZg^ CageJYTcZlQ ai_l^HJjj ldagTj^ j]ig^ VagN]gecd_ieelcdj ei dl^PZl _ [l^jdjKicZl\ i]jecd_i VlcY]gacd_g j
lSGicd_g, el j _ jM egJjleg^Pel\ i]jecd_i. 7]ej\ jT lcel_eUM ^lTYeVl_ SU^ ^lTYeV ag_iecd_g j egJjleg^PelVl i]jecd_g _ciM CageJYTl_. *gJjleg^PelcdP ^jJg ei j\i^g TegKiejW, V^g_eli, KdlSU
VagN]geje SU^
«CageJYTl\ [l ]YMY».
=lW_^ieji VagN]gecd_g [ldaiSl_g^l iVl TgZlel]gdi^PelVl TgZai[^iejW j aiVY^jal_gejW. :l[alcU [ajlSaidiejW j YdagdU CageJYTcZlVl VagN]gecd_g SU^j aiV^g\iedjal_geU ai_l^HJjleeU\j
1
]iZaidg\j ld 3 elWSaW j 22 ]iZgSaW 1789 V.
. :l[alcg\ clcdlWejW Cage-
JYTcZlVl VagN]gecd_g SU^ [lc_WGie j agT]. 2 .lecdjdYJjj 1971 V.,
V]i, _ Kgcdelcdj, Vl_laj^lcP, Kdl CageJYTcZj\j VagN]geg\j cKj-
1
.lecdjdYJjj j TgZlel]gdi^PeUi gZdU SYaNYgTeUM VlcY]gacd_ (XVII—XIX __.). <.,
1999. A. 232.
109
dgHdcW jelcdageJU: ei[aiaU_el _ diKieji [Wdj ^id [ajlSaidDji _l
BageJjj ei]_jNj\lcdP. .al\i dlVl, lej ]l^NeU [ajeWdP VagN]gecZYH [ajcWVY eg _iaelcdP egJjj, TgZleY j Zlal^H. : ?dl\ Ni agT]i^i
.lecdjdYJjj SU^j TgZai[^ieU j lcel_gejW YdagdU CageJYTcZlVl
VagN]gecd_g. . ej\ ldelcj^jcP egdYag^jTgJjW _ jelcdageel\ VlcY]gacd_i j [ajcYN]ieji Z egZgTgejH, Zldlali _^iZ^l Tg
clSlQ YdagdY
CageJYTcZlVl VagN]gecd_g.
#agN]gecd_l j [l]]gecd_l ZgZ c\iNeUi Cla\U c_WTj ^jJg c VlcY]gacd_l\ agT^jKgHdcW \iN]Y clSlQ ZgZ _ Cla\g^Pel\, dgZ j _ cl]iaNgdi^Pel\ [^gei.
Bla\g^Pel agT^jKji \iN]Y VagN]gecd_l\ j [l]]gecd_l\ cdg_jdcW _ Tg_jcj\lcdP ld Cla\U [ag_^iejW clld_idcd_YHGiVl VlcY]gacd_g. #agN]gecd_l agcc\gdaj_gidcW ZgZ [ajeg]^iNelcdP ^jJg Z
VlcY]gacd_Y c aic[YS^jZgecZlQ
Cla\lQ [ag_^iejW, [l]]gecd_l — ZgZ
[ajeg]^iNelcdP Z VlcY]gacd_Y c \legaMjKicZlQ Cla\lQ [ag_^iejW.
=lcZl^PZY jecdjdYd [l]]gecd_g [l]agTY\i_gid ei dl^PZl [l]_^gcdelcdP \legaMY, el j Cil]g^PeYH Tg_jcj\lcdP ld eiVl, dl _ cl]iaNgdi^Pel\ [^gei [l] [l]]gecd_l\ [lej\gidcW [gccj_egW
[ajeg]^iNelcdP ^jJg Z VlcY]gacd_Y, Kdl, _ ZleiKel\ cKidi, ]i^gid
iVl lS0iZdl\ \iN]Yegal]el-[ag_l_lVl aiVY^jal_gejW, g [l] VagN
]gecd_l\ [lej\gidcW cl_lZY[elcdP [ag_ j lSWTgeelcdiQ ^jJg [l ldelDiejH Z VlcY]gacd_Y, ZldlagW jcZ^HKjdi^Pel _Ml]jd _l
_eYdaieeji ]i^g VlcY]gacd_g. #agN]gecd_l [l c_liQ [ajal]i [ai][l^gVgid ei dl^PZl eg^jKji lSWTgeelcdiQ, el j l[ai]i^ieeUi [l^jdjKicZji [ag_g ]^W K^iel_ ?dlVl lSGicd_g. gZj\ lSagTl\,
VagN]gecd_l, [ajDi]Dii eg c\ieY [l]]gecd_Y _ [iajl] SYaNYgTeUM
ai_l^HJjQ, ld^jKgidcW
1
j c_lSl]
.
ld [lc^i]eiVl eg^jKji\ [l^jdjKicZjM [ag_
:.<. #iccie agT^jKg^ [leWdjW VagN]gecd_g j [l]]gecd_g c^i]YHGj\ lSagTl\: «.gZ cYS0iZd [YS^jKeUM [ag_ j lSWTgeelcdiQ, je]j_j]
W_^WidcW VagN]gejel\. =leWdji\ VagN]gecd_g lSlTegKgidcW l]el
dl^PZl ld_^iKieeli c_lQcd_l je]j_j]g — iVl [YS^jKel-[ag_l_gW
[ag_lc[lclSelcdP. UdP VagN]gejel\ — TegKjd j\idP [ag_g j eicdj
lSWTgeelcdj [l ldelDiejH Z VlcY]gacd_Y.
"^W dlVl, KdlSU SUdP VagN]gejel\, je]j_j] ]l^Nie, dgZj\
lSagTl\, [l^YKjdP ld VlcY]gacd_g [ag_lc[lclSelcdP, le ]l^Nie l[ai]i^WdPcW [ag_l\ ]geelVl VlcY]gacd_g, j^j, ]aYVj\j c^l_g\j, [ajeg]^iNgdP Z ei\Y. =ajeg]^iNelcdP Z VlcY]gacd_Y, W_^WHGgWcW eilSMl]j-
-
1
<iN]Yegal]eli [ag_l / =l] ai]. #.$. YeZjeg. <., 1982. A. 329;
cd_l, iVl Ycdgel_^ieji j [aiZagGieji. T. 1. A=S., 1909. A. 4.
110
#iccie :.<.
=l]]ge-
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