3. Give adequate Russian equivalents of the italicized words.

Facilitate, facility (usually plural) - общий элемент смысла: наилучшие условия, возможности для

осуществления чего-либо. Частотные русские эквиваленты: to facilitate - облегчать, способствовать и т.д.;

facilities - возможности, удобства, средства, оборудование, устройства и т.д.

1. The new equipment will facilitate the experiment. 2. After the Student acquires considerable facility in understanding and speaking, he learns to read and write. 3. Novosibirsk is an industrial center offering its inhabitants many urban advantages, educational facilities and cultural opportunities. 4. We are planning the directions and the scope of research and the provision of experimental facilities. 5. To carry out this task we need large engineering facilities. 6. To complete the project we need adequate facilities for research.

Imply, implication(s), implicit - общий элемент смысла: невысказанное словами, но логически

вытекающее из чего-то. Частотные русские эквиваленты: to imply - подразумевать, означать, иметь в виду; implication - скрытый смысл, значение; что-то вытекает из чего- либо и т.д.; implicit - подразумеваемый, не выраженный прямо и т.д.

1. The book does not claim to give more than the name implies. 2. People are always talking about fundamental research, implying the existence of a nameless opposite. 3. Recent observations of various astronomical objects together with their theoretical implications were discussed at the conference. 4. Dirac's theory implied that there should be the same number of anti-particles as the universe. 5. What are the implications of this statement?

4. Read and translate the text.

PARALLEL OPERATION OF INTERCONNECTED SYNCHRONOUS

GENERATORS

In order to assure continuity of the power supply within prescribed limits of frequency and voltage at all the load points scattered over the surface area, it becomes necessary in any modern power system to operate several alternators in parallel, interconnected by various transmission lines, in a well-coordinated and optimized manner such that the operation is most economical.

Requirements for parallel operation. In order to operate properly, ac polyphase generators must first meet several requirements before they may be connected in parallel.

1. They must have the same voltage rating.

2. They must have the same frequency rating. The speeds need not neces­sarily be the same.

3. The waveform of the voltages should be the same, and therefore the gen­erators should be of the same type, though their kva ratings may differ.

4. In order to divide load in proportion to their ratings, the alternators should have prime movers whose speed-load characteristics are the same.

The above requirements are really those necessary for the selection of the alternators in the first place. It is only after those conditions are satisfied that we can begin to place the alternators in parallel to furnish current to a load. The actual procedure of paralleling alternators is known as synchronizing, and in performing this operation, certain other requirements must be met.

Synchronizing procedure. It may logically be assumed that one alterna­tor is placed in parallel with one or more other alternators only when additional load requires it. Those alternators already carrying load are known as the running machines, while that which is to be placed in the system is known as the incom­ing machine. At the time of synchronizing, several conditions must be met.

1. The effective voltage of the incoming generator must be exactly equal to that of the others, or of the bus bars connecting them.

2. The phase rotation, or sequence of the running and incoming genera­tors, must be the same.

3. The individual phase voltages which are to be connected to each other must be in exact phase opposition. This is the same as saying that dc generators must be connected + to + and – to -.

4. The frequencies should be the same, although it is more desirable that the frequencies at the instant of paralleling be almost, but not quite, identical.

In essence, the above conditions are all necessary in order to have no circulating currents between the generators at the time when their terminals are connected together.

A synchroscope or a bright-lamp synchronizing method or a dark-lamp synchronizing method is used for indicating the appropriate moment for syn­chronization. After the machine has been synchronized and is now a part of the system, it can be made to take its share of the active and reactive power by ap­propriate adjustments of its prime-mover throttle and field rheostat. The system frequency and the division of active power among the generators are controlled by means of prime-mover throttles regulated by governors and automatic frequen­cy regulators, whereas the terminal voltage and reactive volt-ampere division among the generators are controlled by voltage regulators acting on the generator-field circuits and by transformers with automatic tap-changing devices.