- •1 Structure of a business letter
- •1 This is how a business school teacher is explaining the parts of a business letter to a student:
- •2 Now read the letter and name its elements:
- •Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses – Узгодження часів
- •2 Writing a business e-mail
- •1 Why do people use e-mail in business? Make a list of reasons.
- •2 Read some 'rules' for writing good business e-mails. Which rules do you follow?
- •3 Read the e-mail below from a student to a company about their work experience programme. Which rules in ex 2 does he break?
- •4 Look al the phrases in italics (1-6) in the e-mail. Match them with the formal phrases (a-f) below:
- •5 Here are some phrases to use in e-mails. Write starting (s), ending (e), saying why you are writing (w) or requesting (r) after each one and the ones in ex 4:
- •6 Rewrite Luigi’s e-mail using the rules in ex 2 and some of the phrases in ex 5. Grammar: Reported Speech (statements) – Непряма мова (стверджувальні речення)
- •3 Doing Business on the Internet
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •Grammar: Reported Questions, Requests, Orders – Непрямі питання, прохання, накази
- •4 Business across Cultures
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Put these statements about customs and culture into the correct order. Translate the sentences:
- •Grammar: First Conditional – Умовні речення і типу
- •5 What is Economics About?
- •1 Read the following words and try to guess their meaning. Mind the stress!
- •2 Match English and Ukrainian equivalents:
- •3 Choose the correct word:
- •4 Complete the sentences:
- •Grammar Second Conditional – Умовні речення іі типу
- •6 Products, Goods and Services
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Third Conditional – Умовні речення ііі типу
- •7 Markets
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (1) Ability (здатність, спроможність): can, could, be able to
- •Permission (дозвіл): can, could, may, be allowed to
- •8 Export and Import
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •4 Fill in the missing prepositions: (of (2), in, at (2), by (3), on (2), for, through, to)
- •5 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (2)
- •9 Money and its functions
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Define the part of speech of the underlined words:
- •3 The words in the box frequently occur before "money". Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Modals with the Perfect Infinitive – Модальні дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом
- •10 Aggregate supply
- •I. Find equivalents:
- •II. Match the synonyms:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary:
- •IV. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •V. Define which of the following items best completes the statement:
- •VI. Complete the following sentences:
- •VIII. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: The Infinitive – Інфінітив
- •11 Aggregate demand
- •I. Match the antonyms:
- •V. Complete the following sentences:
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. Replace the Ukrainian words and phrases by their English equivalents in the correct form:
- •Grammar: The Gerund – Герундій
- •(12) Grammar: The Participle – Дієприкметник
III. Answer the questions:
1 What is a market? 2 Explain the difference between: a good / a service; demanders / suppliers; supply /
demand; excess supply / excess demand. 3 When will excess demand and excess supply be eliminated? 4 What is equilibrium of a market? 5 Why is market equilibrium important?
IV. Translate into English:
1. Розрізняють ринки товарів і ринки послуг. 2. Товар - це щось відчутне на дотик, що виробляється та споживається, часто те, що ми можемо придбати на ринку. 3. Послуга - це щось не відчутне на дотик, що виробляється та споживається, що ми також можемо придбати на ринку. 4. Ресурси - це те, що використовується для виготовлення товару та надання послуг. 5. Взаємодія споживачів і постачальників визначає ринкову ціну та розміщення на ринку. 6. Пропозиція - це поєднання відносної ціни та кількості якогось товару, який фірми або окремі особи хочуть постачати на ринок. 7. Споживання - це поєднання відносної ціни та кількості якогось товару, який фірми або окремі особи хотіли б придбати на ринку. 8. Надмірна пропозиція складається тоді, коли кількість товару, яку постачальник хоче поставити на ринок за ринковою ціною, перевищує кількість, яку споживачі бажають придбати. 9. В умовах вільного ринку відносна ціна на товар буде падати при зростанні пропозиції та підніматися при зростанні попиту.
Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (1) Ability (здатність, спроможність): can, could, be able to
1 Can and cannot (can't) are commonly used to talk about ability to do something in the present:
He can speak several foreign languages.
2 Could is used to talk about someone's general ability to do something in the past.
I could read when I was five.
Was / were able to is used to talk about someone's specific ability (to do something on one occasion):
I was able to see personal manager without an appointment.
3 To talk about ability with perfect and future forms, the be able to structure is used.
Will you be able to send this fax?
Permission (дозвіл): can, could, may, be allowed to
1 a) Can and could are used to ask for permission in the present. May is also used but it’s quite formal: Could / Can I call you back? May I use your phone, please?
b) When talking about whether something is (isn’t) permitted we use can / can't and be (not) allowed to: Passengers are not allowed to smoke during take-off. You can leave your letter at the reception.
2 To talk about permission in the past we use could / couldn't and was / were not allowed to.
We were not allowed to ask any questions.
3 When talking about permission with future and perfect forms be allowed to is used:
He will not be allowed to invest in this business.
Ex.1. Complete these sentences using the correct form of can, could, may, be able to, be allowed to:
1 When I pass my driving test, I ______ hire a car. 2 When he first came to London, he ____ read English but he (negative) _____ speak. 3 When we were in the old office, we ______ access all the files. 4 This sweater was priced at $ 50, but I _______ get a discount because of this little mark on the sleeve. 5 Students _______ bring notes into the exam tomorrow. 6 My sister never ________ to travel alone. 7 _____ I send him a message? He is at the meeting at the moment. 8 ______ you phone the boss today? 9 He _______ solve this problem yet. 10 "May I borrow your car? – No, you _______." 11 Who _______ appoint the receivers to find someone to rescue the company? 12 _______ he pay off the debts of the company? 13 I've been looking for your papers but I ______ find them yet. 14 If he doesn't tell me what his problem is, I ______ (negative) help him. 15 She ______ to raise money for her failing company.
Ex.2. Translate into English:
1 Я б з задоволенням прийняв ваше запрошення, але я не можу відмінити свою зустріч. 2 Якщо він щось вирішив, то ніхто не може на нього вплинути. 3 Я дуже ціную вашу допомогу. Я знав, що я можу довіряти вам. 4 Чи можу я сказати йому всю правду? Я впевнений, що він нічого не знає про важкий фінансовий стан компанії. 5 Коли я там працював, тільки головний менеджер міг підписувати такі документи. 6 Працівникам нашої компанії не дозволяється палити в офісах. 7 Тільки суд може призначити ліквідаторів неплатоспроможної компанії. 8 Ця компанія на межі банкрутства; їй не дозволяється працювати з клієнтами. 9 Ви можете залишити всю інформацію у секретаря. 10 Їм не дозволили відстрочити платежі. 11 Якщо ви зможете врятувати цю компанію, ви отримаєте подяку від президента. 12 Якщо вони не зможуть розрахуватися з боргами протягом місяця, їх оголосять банкрутами.
Ex.3. Complete these sentences using could (not), was (not) / were (not) able to:
1 My eyes hurt and I ………………… read very fast. 2 When Mary was young, she was a very good secretary. She ………………. type 70 words per minute. 3 The file was damaged but he ……………………… save a copy. 4 I didn’t have any paper left to print it out, but I ……………………. get some in the next office room. 5 It was difficult to find her but I …………………………… do it. 6 Karen looked through the document carefully once more and this time she ………….…… see a mistake. 7 The presentation failed but fortunately we …………………. rescue the project.
Ex.4. Complete these sentences using can / can’t / could / couldn’t + the verb from the list:
see, fax, speak, take, make, sleep |
1 I’m sorry, but we ……………….……. you the papers today. 2 I ……….…….…….. a call last night because my mobile was out of order. 3 She’ll get the job because she …………………….. four languages. 4 I was tired but I ………………………. . 5 I like this hotel room. You …………………. the mountains from the window. 6 In our company you ………………………. a two-week holiday at Christmas.