- •1 Structure of a business letter
- •1 This is how a business school teacher is explaining the parts of a business letter to a student:
- •2 Now read the letter and name its elements:
- •Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses – Узгодження часів
- •2 Writing a business e-mail
- •1 Why do people use e-mail in business? Make a list of reasons.
- •2 Read some 'rules' for writing good business e-mails. Which rules do you follow?
- •3 Read the e-mail below from a student to a company about their work experience programme. Which rules in ex 2 does he break?
- •4 Look al the phrases in italics (1-6) in the e-mail. Match them with the formal phrases (a-f) below:
- •5 Here are some phrases to use in e-mails. Write starting (s), ending (e), saying why you are writing (w) or requesting (r) after each one and the ones in ex 4:
- •6 Rewrite Luigi’s e-mail using the rules in ex 2 and some of the phrases in ex 5. Grammar: Reported Speech (statements) – Непряма мова (стверджувальні речення)
- •3 Doing Business on the Internet
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •Grammar: Reported Questions, Requests, Orders – Непрямі питання, прохання, накази
- •4 Business across Cultures
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Put these statements about customs and culture into the correct order. Translate the sentences:
- •Grammar: First Conditional – Умовні речення і типу
- •5 What is Economics About?
- •1 Read the following words and try to guess their meaning. Mind the stress!
- •2 Match English and Ukrainian equivalents:
- •3 Choose the correct word:
- •4 Complete the sentences:
- •Grammar Second Conditional – Умовні речення іі типу
- •6 Products, Goods and Services
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Third Conditional – Умовні речення ііі типу
- •7 Markets
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (1) Ability (здатність, спроможність): can, could, be able to
- •Permission (дозвіл): can, could, may, be allowed to
- •8 Export and Import
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •4 Fill in the missing prepositions: (of (2), in, at (2), by (3), on (2), for, through, to)
- •5 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (2)
- •9 Money and its functions
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Define the part of speech of the underlined words:
- •3 The words in the box frequently occur before "money". Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Modals with the Perfect Infinitive – Модальні дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом
- •10 Aggregate supply
- •I. Find equivalents:
- •II. Match the synonyms:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary:
- •IV. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •V. Define which of the following items best completes the statement:
- •VI. Complete the following sentences:
- •VIII. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: The Infinitive – Інфінітив
- •11 Aggregate demand
- •I. Match the antonyms:
- •V. Complete the following sentences:
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. Replace the Ukrainian words and phrases by their English equivalents in the correct form:
- •Grammar: The Gerund – Герундій
- •(12) Grammar: The Participle – Дієприкметник
6 Products, Goods and Services
product fast-moving consumer goods consumer products industrial products convenience goods shopping goods specialty goods white goods brown goods goods / merchandise succeed (v) market (a product) (v) introduce / launch (a product) onto the market (v) product life cycle withdraw (v) money spinner / cash cow loss leader persuade (v) profitable |
продукт; виріб; продукція ходові споживчі товари споживчі товари, товари широкого вжитку промислові товари товари повсякденного попиту товари попереднього вибору товари особливого попиту такі товари, як пральні машини, холодильники такі товари, як телевізори, високотехнологічне обладнання товари досягати успіхів, процвітати знаходити ринок збуту; продавати вводити товар на ринок
життєвий цикл товару вилучати; анулювати високоприбутковий товар або бізнес товар, який продають за зниженими цінами, щоб привабити покупця переконувати, схиляти, умовляти прибутковий, вигідний, рентабельний |
The exchanging of products makes the business world.
A product is something that is produced or manufactured and sold, often in large numbers. Products are sometimes referred to as goods for example in the expression fast-moving consumer goods, or FMCG.
Products may be grouped into two general categories: consumer and industrial. Consumer products are classified as convenience, shopping, or specialty goods. Industrial goods are used to make other goods for resale purposes. These goods include materials, equipment, parts, and services.
We usually call white goods such things as washing machines and refrigerators and brown goods such things as televisions and hi-fi equipment.
Goods are also referred to as merchandise.
Services are activities such as banking or tourism that contribute to the economy but which may not directly involve manufacturing. Services may be referred to informally as products.
For firms to succeed in business, they must continue to develop and market products.
New products are introduced or launched onto the market. Products have a life cycle. A product that a company no longer wants to make available is withdrawn from the market.
A product generating a lot of profit is a money spinner or a cash cow. A loss leader is a product sold very cheaply in order to attract customers who will then, it is hoped, be persuaded to buy profitable ones.
1 How can you prove that the exchanging of products makes the business world? 2 How can a product be characterized? 3 What two general categories may products be grouped into? 4 What do we call such things as washing machines and refrigerators? 5 Can brown goods be also referred to as merchandise? 6 What are services? 7 If a product generates a lot of profit is it a money spinner or a loss leader? 8 What purposes is a loss leader used for? 9 Why must firms introduce new products?