- •Издательство
- •Ж.Г. Аванесян
- •Для экономистов
- •Isbn 978-5-370-00797-2
- •Учебное издание Редактор л.Н. Волкова Корректор ал. Воробьева Компьютерная верстка к.С. Шахалина, о.Н. Баканковой
- •Отпечатано в полном соответствии с качеством предоставленных лиапозитипов вОао «Дом печати - вятка». 610033. Г. Киров, ул. Московская, 122
- •Isbn 978-5-370-00797-2
- •Business success stories of all time
- •Предисловие
- •Basics of economics
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •9 * Before you listen to Dialogue No 2 match the expressions in the left column with their translation in the right one.
- •10. Workers questioned rated job as more
- •Words and Expressions
- •Types of businesses
- •It is important to realise that a business will have other aims. These include:
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Corporate combinations
- •Words and Expressions
- •Multibillion-dollar corporate mergers occurred
- •Market structure
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Essentials of marketing
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Interest-free - беспроцентный
- •Exercises
- •Marketing mix in action
- •Isolated by (3) - dividing a market into
- •Words and Expressions
- •Notes to Quotations
- •Pricing policy
- •In addition to adopting particular pricing method, a firm can also follow a number of pricing strategies or tactics. The more common of these include:
- •Exercises
- •Input in this sector is relatively small, second sawa intends to conduct a competitive pricing policy with
- •Selling price for a finished product
- •Demand, supply and market equilibrium
- •Words and Expressions
- •Insurance premium - страховые взносы
- •Irregular demand - неравномерный спрос
- •Consumers are hesitating to buy
- •Robotics and technological change
- •Goals of advertising
- •Introduce a new product or a new price schedule.
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Increase sales увеличить объем продаж
- •Exercises
- •Impact on a product's sales but the exact effect is uncertain.
- •Advertising media
- •Words and Expressions
- •Advertising
- •In general the advertising of a particular product or service during a particular period of time is called an advertising campaign.
- •Sales promotion
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Discussing a promotional campaign
- •Distribution and sales
- •Words and Expressions
- •Personal selling
- •Notes to Quotations
- •The financial objectives of the business
- •In return for - в оплату за
- •Injection of funds вложение капитала
- •Internal finance - внутреннее финансирование
- •Exercises
- •Planning a new business
- •The financial control of the business
- •Words and Expressions
- •Interest charges - расходы по уплате процентов; процент по займам
- •The functions of money
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •The history of american money and ranking
- •5* Before you listen to Talk No 1 use Glossary to match the words and expressions below with their definitions.
- •What Is a Gold American Eagle?
- •12 Federal Reserve banks, each representing a section
- •Inability to control credit during the 1920s. (15)
- •5,100 Banks failed, some 4,000 in 1933 alone.
- •Industry. Today, Americans have a wide choice of financial
- •Institutions where they are offered a variety (30)
- •Words and Expressions
- •Insurance payment - страховой платеж
- •Installment loan - ссуда с оплатой в рассрочку
- •Interest rate - процентная ставка
- •Usually run from one to five years
- •4. As long as the company does well the profits will be very high.
- •7 Английский язык для экономистов
- •Bill gates and microsoft corporation
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Information technology - информационные технологии
- •Exercises
- •5* Before you listen to Talk No 1 use Glossary to match the words and expressions below with their definitions.
- •Isaakson did not start at the top of (4) . She
- •In 1980 she founded a (6) research and con- sulting firm Future Computing.
- •In 1981 Isaakson learned of ibm's plans to market a new personal computer. In a published report she predicted that the ibm pc would have a dramatic effect on the
- •Instant success а. Приводить в восторг, очаро-
- •Honorary degree вывать
- •In 1976, he (2) a television station, wtbs,
- •Corporation
- •In 1929, Ford, General Motors and the newly formed Chrysler Corporation - known then and now as the Big Three - accounted for 80 percent of the market.
- •Words and Expressions
- •Chapter two
- •Chapter three
- •Chapter four
- •I mean: show cards, special display stands — where we can
- •Относительная стоимость
- •Подсчитывать прибыли и убытки
- •Налоговые поступления
- •Задача бухгалтерского учета
- •Накапливать состояние
- •Не поддаваться износу
- •Чеканить монеты
- •Стабильность ценности
- •Долговечность
- •Chapter ten
- •In 1963, she decided to form her own direct-sales cosmetics company. Mary Kay built a new corporate culture based on the education, participation, and authority of women. I
- •In 1966, she decided to rebuild her personal life. She married Mel Ash, a businessman whom she had met on a blind date.
- •In 1928, Walt Disney produced a mouse character Mickey Mouse which was an overnight success and changed animation forever. As Mickey's creator Disney became a celebrity.
- •In 1952, he came up with an idea to build an amusement park, that would be entertaining for adults as well as for children. 1
- •10 Английским ялы к для 'jkohovmctOn
- •11 Am минский язык для экономистов
- •Increase or decrease the quantity supplied, eminent domain: the right of governments to take private
- •Interview: a formal meeting in which someone asks you questions to find out if you are suitable for a job, course of study, etc.
- •Inventory: stock of goods held by a business.
- •Investment: placing of money so that it will increase in value or
- •Incomes regardless of size.
- •Vaults.
- •Income is divided by common stock equity, revenue tariff: tax on imports designed to raise money for the
- •Identify a product, service or company, trade-off: giving up one thing in order to obtain something
Corporate combinations
IN THE USA
The most common way of joining businesses is through mergers. A merger occurs when one company absorbs another. In a merger, the absorbed company is often forced to abandon its identity.
In the 1980s, the number of mergers increased dramatically. Between 1980 and 1985, more than 60 of the top 500
2 Английский язык для экономистов
. corporations in the United States merged with other companies. Multibillion-dollar corporate mergers in the mid 1980s included Nestie's acquisition of Carnation, Capital Cities Communications' acquisition of the American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), and General Motors' acquisition of Hughes Aircraft Company. In 1985 alone, more than 3.000 mergers and acquisitions occurred.
Three types of business mergers take place — horizontal combinations, vertical combinations, and conglomerate combinations.
Horizontal Combinations
A merger between two or more companies that produce the same good or service or dominate one phase of the production of a good is a horizontal combination. The Standard Oil Company provides a classic example of a horizontal combination. In the 1870s, John D. Rockefeller and his associates formed the Standard Oil Company of Ohio.
Over the next 12 years, Rockefellers group purchased refineries throughout the United States. By 1882, Standard Oil controlled almost all of the country's oil industry. The Standard Oil Trust was formed in 1882 to unify the management of the various companies under Standard Oil's control. In the same year Standard Oil of New Jersey was chartered as one of the companies within the trust.
.
Vertical Combinations
A merger between two or more companies that are involved in different phases of the production of the same good or service is a vertical combination. The founding in the United States Steel Corporation in 1901 combined companies involved in different phases of the production and distribution of steel. The combined companies owned ore deposits, iron mines, coal mines, shipping companies, rail roads, and steel mills. United States Steel's founder, J.Pierpont Morgan, built the world's first billion-dollar corporation through the merging of these varied companies.
Conglomerate Combinations
A merger between two or more companies producing or marketing different products is a conglomerate combination. While horizontal and vertical combinations have been common since the mid-1800s, conglomerate combinations did not become common until the 1960s and 1970s.
The classic example of a conglomerate is the International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation (ITT). Until the 1950s ITT manufactured only telecommunications equipment. During the 1960s and 1970s, however, ITT acquired hundreds of subsidiaries - acquired companies that have not been forced to abandon their corporate identities.
Today ITT owns companies in more than 80 countries and is involved in such varied enterprises as in production of frozen foods and plumbing supplies and in operation of computer services, consumer finance companies and hotels.
Trends in Corporate Combinations
The trend toward conglomerate combinations began in the 1960s and carried into the 1970s. Conglomerate mergers helped to build corporate empires for ITT, Gulf & Western, and many other major producers. During the 1980s, however, a trend toward vertical and horizontal combinations redeveloped. Companies in the 1980s tended to merge with other companies that produced the same or related goods or services.
Advantages of combinations. One of the major business advantages of corporate mergers is efficiency. By centralizing decision making within an industry, corporate combinations, especially horizontal and vertical combinations, can increase efficiency. Costs also can be cut by eliminating unnecessary or overlapping jobs and departments.
A second business advantage of mergers is that buying an existing business is often far less expensive than building new plants, hiring new employees, or acquiring additional capital in order to expand. In most mergers, the acquiring corporation obtains additional capital resources and experienced management and employees.
A third business advantage of mergers is that the increased size of merged corporations often makes it possible to borrow more capital. This additional capital can be used for such improvements as enlarging the sales force or modernizing production facilities. In general, larger corporations also are able to compete more effectively in the marketplace.
Disadvantages of combinations. Corporate combinations may result in disadvantages for the merged corporation stockholders and consumers. Corporate mergers sometimes have negative consequences for the merged corporations, both from the standpoint of corporate performance and from the standpoint of worker satisfaction.
In some instances, especially in conglomerates, the managers of merged corporations may not have the necessary skills to supervise the production of newly acquired goods and services. Lack of supervisory skills can result in decreased efficiency and profits.
Mergers also may result in added unemployment because of changes in business operations. Employees may be reshuffled and some people may be laid off. The employees who stay on the job sometimes suffer from low morale due to altered job descriptions or other negative changes that occur in the workplace. While mergers usually are beneficial for stockholders in the acquired company, almost half of all major mergers in the United States result in a decrease in the value of the purchasing corporation's stock. For consumers, one of the major disadvantages of corporate mergers is that they often lead to decreased competition in the marketplace. This lack of competition may result in higher prices for consumers. It also may limit the choices available to consumers by reducing the number of competing goods and services.