- •Издательство
- •Ж.Г. Аванесян
- •Для экономистов
- •Isbn 978-5-370-00797-2
- •Учебное издание Редактор л.Н. Волкова Корректор ал. Воробьева Компьютерная верстка к.С. Шахалина, о.Н. Баканковой
- •Отпечатано в полном соответствии с качеством предоставленных лиапозитипов вОао «Дом печати - вятка». 610033. Г. Киров, ул. Московская, 122
- •Isbn 978-5-370-00797-2
- •Business success stories of all time
- •Предисловие
- •Basics of economics
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •9 * Before you listen to Dialogue No 2 match the expressions in the left column with their translation in the right one.
- •10. Workers questioned rated job as more
- •Words and Expressions
- •Types of businesses
- •It is important to realise that a business will have other aims. These include:
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Corporate combinations
- •Words and Expressions
- •Multibillion-dollar corporate mergers occurred
- •Market structure
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Essentials of marketing
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Interest-free - беспроцентный
- •Exercises
- •Marketing mix in action
- •Isolated by (3) - dividing a market into
- •Words and Expressions
- •Notes to Quotations
- •Pricing policy
- •In addition to adopting particular pricing method, a firm can also follow a number of pricing strategies or tactics. The more common of these include:
- •Exercises
- •Input in this sector is relatively small, second sawa intends to conduct a competitive pricing policy with
- •Selling price for a finished product
- •Demand, supply and market equilibrium
- •Words and Expressions
- •Insurance premium - страховые взносы
- •Irregular demand - неравномерный спрос
- •Consumers are hesitating to buy
- •Robotics and technological change
- •Goals of advertising
- •Introduce a new product or a new price schedule.
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Increase sales увеличить объем продаж
- •Exercises
- •Impact on a product's sales but the exact effect is uncertain.
- •Advertising media
- •Words and Expressions
- •Advertising
- •In general the advertising of a particular product or service during a particular period of time is called an advertising campaign.
- •Sales promotion
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Discussing a promotional campaign
- •Distribution and sales
- •Words and Expressions
- •Personal selling
- •Notes to Quotations
- •The financial objectives of the business
- •In return for - в оплату за
- •Injection of funds вложение капитала
- •Internal finance - внутреннее финансирование
- •Exercises
- •Planning a new business
- •The financial control of the business
- •Words and Expressions
- •Interest charges - расходы по уплате процентов; процент по займам
- •The functions of money
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •The history of american money and ranking
- •5* Before you listen to Talk No 1 use Glossary to match the words and expressions below with their definitions.
- •What Is a Gold American Eagle?
- •12 Federal Reserve banks, each representing a section
- •Inability to control credit during the 1920s. (15)
- •5,100 Banks failed, some 4,000 in 1933 alone.
- •Industry. Today, Americans have a wide choice of financial
- •Institutions where they are offered a variety (30)
- •Words and Expressions
- •Insurance payment - страховой платеж
- •Installment loan - ссуда с оплатой в рассрочку
- •Interest rate - процентная ставка
- •Usually run from one to five years
- •4. As long as the company does well the profits will be very high.
- •7 Английский язык для экономистов
- •Bill gates and microsoft corporation
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Information technology - информационные технологии
- •Exercises
- •5* Before you listen to Talk No 1 use Glossary to match the words and expressions below with their definitions.
- •Isaakson did not start at the top of (4) . She
- •In 1980 she founded a (6) research and con- sulting firm Future Computing.
- •In 1981 Isaakson learned of ibm's plans to market a new personal computer. In a published report she predicted that the ibm pc would have a dramatic effect on the
- •Instant success а. Приводить в восторг, очаро-
- •Honorary degree вывать
- •In 1976, he (2) a television station, wtbs,
- •Corporation
- •In 1929, Ford, General Motors and the newly formed Chrysler Corporation - known then and now as the Big Three - accounted for 80 percent of the market.
- •Words and Expressions
- •Chapter two
- •Chapter three
- •Chapter four
- •I mean: show cards, special display stands — where we can
- •Относительная стоимость
- •Подсчитывать прибыли и убытки
- •Налоговые поступления
- •Задача бухгалтерского учета
- •Накапливать состояние
- •Не поддаваться износу
- •Чеканить монеты
- •Стабильность ценности
- •Долговечность
- •Chapter ten
- •In 1963, she decided to form her own direct-sales cosmetics company. Mary Kay built a new corporate culture based on the education, participation, and authority of women. I
- •In 1966, she decided to rebuild her personal life. She married Mel Ash, a businessman whom she had met on a blind date.
- •In 1928, Walt Disney produced a mouse character Mickey Mouse which was an overnight success and changed animation forever. As Mickey's creator Disney became a celebrity.
- •In 1952, he came up with an idea to build an amusement park, that would be entertaining for adults as well as for children. 1
- •10 Английским ялы к для 'jkohovmctOn
- •11 Am минский язык для экономистов
- •Increase or decrease the quantity supplied, eminent domain: the right of governments to take private
- •Interview: a formal meeting in which someone asks you questions to find out if you are suitable for a job, course of study, etc.
- •Inventory: stock of goods held by a business.
- •Investment: placing of money so that it will increase in value or
- •Incomes regardless of size.
- •Vaults.
- •Income is divided by common stock equity, revenue tariff: tax on imports designed to raise money for the
- •Identify a product, service or company, trade-off: giving up one thing in order to obtain something
Exercises
|* Translate the following word combinations or find Russian equivalents.
the cost of producing the product
the rival firms prices
the desired market share of the company
pricing strategy
5- to establish a 'price plateau*
to establish a monopoly position
penetration pricing
the size of the price drop
price variation 10. to hold the price
2* Translate the following sentences into Russian.
A number of factors will affect the price a firm sets for its product, including such things as the cost of producing the product, the rival firms prices, the type of product and the desired market share of the company.
Penetration pricing is a tactic adopted by a company when it is first entering a market and is trying to establish a market share.
Skimming price is where a firm charges a high price for a product in order to 'skim' the 'top end' of the market when the product is new and consumers have not had a chance to establish a 'price plateau'.
Loss leader pricing is when firms offer prices below the cost of producing the item (hence making a loss) in order to encourage the sale of the products.
Limit-pricing occurs when a firm drops the price of its product to limit or deter the entry of other new competitors.
Dumping pricing happens when a firm Mumps' its goods into a market at below the cost of producing them in the hope that it can establish a foothold in the market.
Once a market has been established the price of the product may rise to those of competitor firms.
The profit mark-up could be changed to allow for the effects of competition and economic conditions.
Fill the gaps in the sentences below with the words and expressions from the box. There are two expressions, which you don't need to use.
price discrimination, dumping pricing, loss leader pricing, skimming price, cost-plus pricing, price plateau, penetration pricing, limit-pricing, demand, competitive pricing, predatory pricing, marginal-cost pricing
Price is one of many factors that determine the for a product.
is a very simple pricing method when a
firm calculates its average costs of producing a product and then simply adds a profit 'mark-up', say 10%, on to average costs.
When a firm calculates the additional cos1 of produc- ing the next unit and charges a price according to the marginal cost we can speak of .
When several firms charge different prices for a simi- lar product we can speak of . .
is a tactic adopted by a company when it
is first entering a market and is trying to establish a market share.
• is where a firm charges a high price
for a product in order to 'skim' the 'top end' of the market.
When products are new, a has not yet
been established and some consumers are willing to pay a high price for their novelty value.
is when firms offer prices below the cost
of producing the item in order to encourage the sale of the products.
When a firm drops the price of its product to limit or deter the entry of other new competitors we call it
10. When the firm prices its products in line with those of its competitors and there is little price variation between the types of goods being sold we can speak of
Find English equivalents for the following Russian expressions.
средняя стоимость
предельные издержки производства
методы ценообразования
разброс цен
дополнительная стоимость
назначить цену
завоевать место на рынке
неценовая конкуренция
конкурентное ценообразование 10. производить оценку, смету
5* Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.
В супермаркетах часто применяется тактика занижения цены для привлечения покупателей в магазины
Фирма подсчитывает среднюю стоимость производства товара и затем просто добавляет наценку на прибыль.
Иногда фирмы устанавливают разные цены на сходные товары. Это называется разбросом цен.
Когда товары новые, некоторые потребители готовы платить высокую цену только из-за их новизны.
Существует небольшое ценовое различие между различными типами продаваемых товаров при конкурентном ценообразовании.
Успех неценовой конкуренции зависит от упаковки и оформления товара.
Когда компания пытается завоевать место на рынке, она использует тактику входящей цены.
Цена является одним из многих факторов, которые определяют спрос на товар.
Unit 2. LISTENING
PRICING STRATEGY AND COSTING
5* Before you listen to Dialogue No 1 use Glossary to match the words below with their definitions.
demand curve
inelastic demand
discount
factory gate price
penetration strategy
price war
retail margin
a. the price wholesalers and distributors pay to the producer for goods
b. the difference in price between what retailers pay for a product and what they sell the product at
selling costs c. a situation when sales are not
break even affected much by price rises 10. unit price d. a period during which sever- al competitors aggressively lower their prices in an effort to build up market share
reduction of price in return for bulk sales or to a favoured customer
to balance costs and receipts and reach level of production when sales begin to exceed the investment
a pricing strategy based on low pricing and low unit profits
the line on a graph which shows the relationship between prices and consumer demand
i. the price for one item
j. the costs involved in distributing, promoting and selling a product
Listen to Dialogue No 1 between two speakers and answer the questions below. Then listen again and check your answers.
What is the main topic of the conversation?
Why did the company fix such a high factory gate price?
What is the relation between retail margin and factory gate price?
How many items does the distributor intend to purchase?
What discount was offered by the producer?
g* Complete the dialogue using the words from the box. There are two expressions which you don't need to use.
production costs, price war, factory gate price, break even, demand curve, unit price, recommended retail price, price plateau, penetration strategy, market share
JAMES: Do you know that the Japanese computer games company SAWA is planning to launch a new game called Eagle?
RICHARD: That's interesting and what will be the
(1) ?
JAMES: You knew strange as it may seem the development of
the game has taken two years but the company expects the
product to (2) within one year.
RICHARD: Is that feasible?
JAMES: Well, first the (3) are low as the labour