13. Fill in the gaps with make or do.

1. When I grow up, I want to have a job that allows me to ________ a lot of money. 2. We would be very happy if the countries in the Middle East ________ peace. 3. I always _________ my best. 4. I shall __________ all the arrangements for you. 5. This has nothing to _________ with you. 6. The British like to __________ business with the Americans. 7. When there is no food to eat, everyone has to _________ without. 8. The President ____________ an excellent speech yesterday. 9. I hate it when my little brother ___________ fun of me. 10. All soldiers must ____________ their duty. 11. I think the airplane leaves at 8 a.m., but you had better _________ sure. 12. I have nothing to __________ tomorrow afternoon. Let's go to the cinema! 13. At the end of each holiday, I always think it wouldn't __________ me any harm to have one more week off. 14. Have you ___________ your homework? 15. How do you____________ ?

14. Make and Do. Complete the following sentences using a word partnership with make or do.

A decision, my best, military service, friends, an offer, you good, nothing, a noise, money, some exercise, progress, a Spanish course, mistakes, some excuse, some housework.

1. This house is an awful mess. It is time I …………………………………………………...

2. I’m sorry to hear you’re not feeling well. Drink this. It’ll………………………………….

3. You won’t meet people sitting at home. Go out if you want to…………………………….

4. Are you coming out or aren’t you? We’re waiting for you to……………………………...

5. Before Clare leaves for Madrid, she’s going to…………………………………………….

6. Shut up! I’m trying to work but it’s impossible when you’re ……………………………..

7. How are we going to explain to the boss why we’re so late?

Don’t worry. I’ll……………………………………………………………………………

8. Albert’s selling his video recorder but he wants $ 300 for it!

Well, why don’t you ……………………………………………………………………….

9. Andrew hates the idea of life in the army but all 18-year-olds have to…………………….

10. When speaking, concentrate on communicating and don’t worry about…………………...

11. It’s Saturday tomorrow and no work to do. We can just relax and………………………...

12. Pablo, how are you doing on your English course?

It was just difficult at first but now I’m…………………………………………………….

13. Job satisfaction means much more to me than …………………………………………….

14. You’re putting on weight. If you want to burn it off you should…………………………..

15. Don’t go on! I know my driving isn’t perfect but I’m……………………………………...

15. Advantages and disadvantages of containerization.

Advantages of containerization.

Firstly, with reference to cost. Containerization reduces handling. This is because the goods are only packed once. They are put into the container at the warehouses or factory and only taken out at their final destination. In addition few people are needed to load containers into the ship. All this reduces transport cost. Less handling also leads to less damage. Inside the container, which is strongly built, the goods are protected. The container also protects the goods from pilfering. That is, from being stolen. A container can be securely fastened.

Another way in which containers have reduced costs is by making storage less of a problem. For example, containers waiting for shipment can be left on the quayside rather than be put in warehouses.

Advantages with reference to time. Time is an important factor and is directly related to cost, because in any service time costs money. Containerization reduces handling and less handling means less time is necessary for transporting the goods. Time is further reduced by the easier stowage of containers compared with non-containerized general cargo. Containers are of a standard shape and dimensions, therefore they are easily stowed. In addition to easier stowage, containers are more easily loaded and unloaded. This is done quickly by special cranes. Time is also reduced by the fact that less handling means less paperwork. Because the goods remain in the container they do not have to be checked when loaded and unloaded into and off the ship.

Disadvantages of containerization.

But containerization also has a number of disadvantages. These concern cost and, what might be called, inconvenience. With reference to cost, a containerized transport system is expensive to establish. The ship owner has not only to buy specially designed container ships, but also the containers to go with them. However, these can be hired and some shippers provide their own containers. Special port facilities, such as special cranes, must be also provided by the port authority. These are expensive to built and beyond the means of some countries and port authorities.

With reference to inconvenience, containerization causes a number of problems. Not all cargo can be put into the containers. However, the percentage of non-containerizable cargo falls each year as new types of container are introduced. Another inconvenience is that different types of containers are needed for different journeys and different times of year. It may also be difficult for a small shipping company to fill a container to capacity with compatible cargo. It is uneconomical to carry half full containers in a ship.

Finally, a containerized system of transport depends on good road and rail links with the port and surrounding countryside.

Containerization saves shippers much money. A container ship can be loaded and unloaded in a small fraction of the time. Thus, labour costs are cut sharply. There is also less breakage and less danger of cargo shifting during a voyage. In addition, there is far less theft of valuable merchandise because the containers are sealed.

Many shipping companies believe that containerization is the greatest advancement in shipping since the invention of the steamship.

Modernization of ports. Container ships need special port facilities. Throughout the world, ports are being built or modernized to handle these vessels. The new facilities have giant cranes and other lifting equipment because container ships have few or no derricks. In port, the ships chiefly need large open areas where their thousands of containers can be left while awaiting loading or pickup. The most advanced ports use computers to assign the loading and pickup areas.