- •Рекомендовано как учебное пособие Ученым советом Одесской национальной морской академии, протокол № 2013 года.
- •Заведующая кафедрой лексикологии и стилистики английского языка факультета романо-германской филологии Одесского национального университета им. И.И. Мечникова
- •Let Us Pray for seafarers
- •Unit 1: learning languages
- •1. Why do we learn English?
- •Uses of English
- •English for Business, Diplomacy, and the Professions
- •English for seamen
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Speaking English. How to learn vocabulary.
- •Questionnaire
- •4. How do you learn languages?
- •5. Work alone.
- •6. Can you think of some suggestions for effective language learning?
- •Furniture
- •8. Choose one of the problems below (it doesn’t matter if it is a problem you don’t really have) and ask your partner for advice:
- •Vocabulary
- •9. Present Simple and Present Continuous.
- •The Present Simple tense
- •Verb (s)
- •Future plans and schedules.
- •The Present Continuous tense
- •3. An ongoing incomplete action being carried out during a limited period of time, not necessarily now.
- •10. Simple or Continuous? Use each verb twice, once in the Present Simple and once in the Present Continuous, to complete the sentences.
- •11. When you are sure you understand the topic clearly, do the following exercise:
- •12. Make questions for the answers provided.
- •13. Use the correct form of the verb.
- •14. What is happening while these phrases are being said? They are mostly related to “special occasions”. Match those to the situations on the right.
- •15. Make questions for the following answers
- •16. Choose one of the actions below and tell your partner if you are doing it now, how often and where you do it usually etc. Until they guess which verb you are talking about:
- •Make questions.
- •Tick the sentences that are right.
- •Present Simple and expressions of frequency.
- •21. On your own, fill in at least half of the gaps below to make some true sentences about your normal reaction in the situations given, for example “I always clean my teeth in the morning”.
- •24. Answer the following questions.
- •25. Dwell upon the topic.
- •Unit 2: your first day aboard the new vessel. Ship organization. Greetings
- •1. This guide was formulated to help you look professional when joining a new vessel.
- •2. Ship’s organization.
- •3. Are the following sentences true or false? Correct the false ones.
- •4. Are the following sentences true or false? Correct the false ones.
- •5. Answer the questions.
- •6. Give the title of the officers and ratings described below:
- •9. Future forms
- •10. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets.
- •11. Use the words in brackets and make questions.
- •12. Will and going to.
- •13. Complete the sentences using will“ and “going to” and the verbs in brackets:
- •14. For each question, complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use “will” or “going to” in your answer.
- •15. Open the brackets using the correct verb form will or be going to.
- •16. Greetings.
- •17. Introducing people.
- •19. Fill in the missing words in the dialogues below. Choose from the following:
- •20. Telephone and email politeness competition game.Work together to change all the sentences to a more suitable level of politeness.
- •21. On the Phone. Make up your own telephone conversations with the help of given situations. Use the new phrases you have learnt.
- •22. Telephoning - basic vocabulary. Gap-fill exercise: choose from the words below.
- •23. Label the sections with m for meeting and l for leaving. What situations may these phrases be used in? Answer the questions below.
- •Unit 3: travelling. The main parts of the ship
- •1. Look at the table of some basic travel vocabulary. Highlight any of the words that you are not sure about and look them up in your dictionary.
- •2. Discussion.
- •3. Words at sea.
- •4. Vocabulary.
- •5. Choose one of the groups. Which of the means of transport is
- •6. Think of a film or film sequences – disaster movies, car-crashes, train adventures, sinking ships – that involve travelling. Describe in detail the ones that impressed you most.
- •7. Read the text and complete the sentences with the words given below.
- •8. The main parts of a ship.
- •9. Give brief answers to the following questions.
- •10. Answer the following questions.
- •11. Give brief answers to the following questions:
- •12. Write or act out a conversation aboard the ship. A captain is showing a ship to a sailor and the sailor knows absolutely nothing about this ship. Use the following diagram to help you.
- •13. Relative Clauses.
- •14. Join each idea in “a” with the most suitable idea in “b” using “which”
- •16. Prepositions and relative clauses.
- •17. Complete the sentences using the information given in the box and omitting the relative pronoun if possible.
- •18. Join each pair of sentences using who for people and that for things.
- •19. Complete the sentences using who for people and that for things; if it is possible to leave out who or that, write (who) or (that) in brackets.
- •Examples:
- •Activity a
- •Activity b
- •21. Complete the conversation. Put in the relative clauses using the information in brackets. (Sometimes there is more than one correct answer).
- •Example:
- •Activity
- •22. Can you leave out (omit) the underlined pronouns?
- •23. Past Simple vs Past Continuous.
- •Past Simple
- •24. Put the following verbs in the past form.
- •25. Open the brackets using Past Simple.
- •26. What’s the question?
- •27. Odd man out. Find the regular verb in each line.
- •28. Complete the crossword with the Simple Past forms of the irregular verbs.
- •Interrogative form
- •2. Specific Time as an Interruption
- •4. Atmosphere
- •29. Put the verbs into the correct form (Past Continuous).
- •30. Choose which verb tense (Simple Past or Past Continuous) fits better.
- •32. Correct mistakes in the following sentences.
- •33. All of the following sentences should be completed using the Simple Past or the Past Continuous. You must use the words in the parentheses to fill in the blanks.
- •34. Match the words with the correct definitions.
- •Unit 4: types of ships
- •1. Check your knowledge. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence.
- •2. Study the following expressions connected with sea.
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of expressions.
- •4. Types of ships (part I).
- •Passenger vessels
- •5. Match each of the vessel below with a definition.
- •6. Modal verbs. Must and have to
- •7. Tell about your daily routines. Make a list of five things that you have to do every day.
- •8. Choose the correct variant don’t have to (doesn’t have to ) or mustn't
- •9. Choose the correct variant, either needn't or mustn't.
- •11. Types of Ships (Part II).
- •Classification of cargo ships (Part I)
- •Traditional cargo ships
- •12. Answer the questions.
- •Classification of cargo ships (Part II)
- •Classification of cargo ships (Part III)
- •14. Say whether the sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.
- •15. Infinitive and gerund constructions.
- •Is there any difference in the following pairs of sentences?
- •16. Complete the sentences using the – ing form of the verbs given below.
- •18. Choose gerund or infinitive.
- •19. Types of ships (part III). Special purpose ships.
- •Industrial ships.
- •20. Choose the best variant of a, b, c, d. Fill in the gaps.
- •Bill of Lading.
- •Why it matters:
- •22. Look at the Bill of Lading and answer the following.
- •23. Write your own Bill of Lading. Get ready to discuss it.
- •Unit 5: what is the weather like today?
- •1. It and there.
- •2. Fill each space in the paragraph below with it or there.
- •3. Type the correct answers in the gaps.
- •4. The Weather.
- •5. Global problems.
- •7. Work with a study partner. You are going to read a report about weather in Scandinavia. Learn the new words. Cold weather
- •8. Warm/hot weather.
- •9. Make up your own examples with the given words.
- •10. Make up your own Disaster Vocabulary.
- •11. Read the text about weather forecasting and then do the comprehension check questions.
- •13. Do the weather vocabulary crossword.
- •14. Learn new weather vocabulary.
- •15. Present Perfect and Past Simple.
- •Present Perfect
- •3. Actions which happened in the past, but have an effect in the present.
- •16. Complete the sentences. Mind the use of the Present Perfect.
- •17. Transform into negative and interrogative forms.
- •18. Write negative sentences in Present Perfect .
- •19. Ask for the information in the bold part of the sentence.
- •20. Open the brackets. Use Present Perfect.
- •21. Complete the following sentences, using the verbs in the correct tense.
- •22. For, since, during, yet, etc.
- •From … to/until/till
- •23. Fill in the gaps with yet /already
- •24. For or since?
- •25. Use adverbs or adverbial phrases given in the right-hand column instead of the underlined ones. Change the tense if necessary.
- •26. Complete the sentences with for or since:
- •27. Fill in with yet or already.
- •28. Choose the correct sentences.
- •29. Chose the most suitable tense - Present Perfect or Past Simple.
- •30. Choose the correct variant.
- •31. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb.
- •36. Read the story about the Robertson family. Finish the story, starting with describing of weather condition that day.
- •37. Weather Forecast for seafarers.
- •39. Beaufort Wind Scale.
- •2. Communications at sea (Part I).
- •Written messages
- •Flags, semaphores, and other systems
- •3. Answer the following questions.
- •4. The Passive.
- •5. Rewrite these sentences in the Passive.
- •6. Open the brackets and use the correct verb form. Ask questions to the underlined parts of the sentences.
- •7. Activity
- •8. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
- •9. Fill in the passive construction in the textbox that is provided.
- •10. Communication at Sea (Part II).
- •Satellite communication
- •Inmarsat system
- •11. You’ve read about the ways of communication when you are aboard the ship. What other ways of communication do you know? Can you enumerate their advantages and disadvantages?
- •12. Personal and Impersonal Passive constructions.
- •14.Complete the sentences, as in the example.
- •15. Transform the following sentences into the Passive as in the example.
- •16. Formal communications.
- •17. We know already the way we are supposed to write e-mails. More official phrases are used when writing business letters, faxes, etc. Here are some useful phrases for you to learn:
- •6. A general application form
- •7. Read the dialogue. Make up your own dialogues in pairs.
- •8. Describing people – character. Learn the new vocabulary.
- •Intellectual ability
- •9. Describing people. Exercises.
- •10. Building Character Adjectives Vocabulary
- •11. Be ready to answer the following questions on the topic. Use some of the answers in composing your own topic.
- •12. Read two current staff appraisals written by the Captain of your ship and characterise the people with the words you have already learnt. Current Staff Appraisals
- •13. The structure of a first conditional sentence. Form
- •Conjunctions can be used to talk about the future.
- •14. Choose the correct variant.
- •15. Use the given word in the first conditional.
- •16. Fill the gap using the verb in brackets. Be careful. Sometimes it will have to be negative.
- •17. Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type I.
- •18. Choose the correct variant:
- •19. Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type I. Mind the position of the if-clause.
- •20. Write the letter of the phrase on the right that matches the one on the left.
- •Unit 8: environment. Stowaways
- •1. The Environment.
- •2 . Label the pictures below.
- •4. Pollution.
- •5. Imagine that your vessel is responsible for spilling the oil, and you are supposed to inform the port authorities. Write a report taking into consideration the following hints:
- •6. Oil Prevention.
- •7. Correct the statements:
- •8. Test Yourself!
- •Stowaways. Part I.
- •Why are stowaways a problem?
- •How should stowaways be treated?
- •If you find a stowaway, you should:
- •Stowaways, drugs, smuggling search checklist
- •11. Give the answers to the following questions:
- •12. Say whether the following sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.
- •13. The structure of a second conditional sentence. Form
- •Put the verbs in the correct form.
- •15. Choose the correct variant.
- •Put the verb in the correct form.
- •17. If I Could be an Ocean Animal.
- •18. Choose the correct answer.
- •19. Fill the gap using the verb in brackets. Be careful. Sometimes it will have to be negative.
- •20. Type the letter of the phrase on the right that matches the one on the left.
- •21. What would you do? Choose one of the given variants or give your own one.
- •22. Choose the correct variant (conditional sentence type I or II).
- •23. Put in the verbs in brackets and form conditional sentences type I or type II. Mind the negations.
- •24. Comment on the following sentences.
- •Unit 9: safety at sea. Piracy
- •Movement around on board the vessel
- •Safety clothing
- •Overall responsibility
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Answer whether the following sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.
- •4. Present Perfect Simple. Form
- •Exceptions in spelling when adding “ed”
- •Signal Words of Present Perfect
- •5. Put in the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Use Present Perfect. Mind the signal words ( if given).
- •6. Present Perfect Continuous. Form
- •Exceptions in spelling
- •Signal Words of Present Perfect Progressive
- •7. Write positive sentences in Present Perfect Progressive.
- •8. Put the verbs into the correct form (Present Perfect Progressive).
- •10. Complete the sentences using the correct endings from the table.
- •11. Read through these sentences and for each space, choose between the Present Perfect Simple or the Present Perfect Continuous.
- •12. Choose the correct tense – Present Perfect Simple or Continuous.
- •13. Put each of the following verbs into either the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous.
- •14. For each sentence, choose the best form, either Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous.
- •15. Fill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).
- •17. Get has got a lot of meanings. Match the synonyms below to these uses of get
- •18. Rewrite these sentences replacing the phrases in italics with the correct form of the expressions listed below which mean the same. The first is done as an example.
- •19. Choose the best alternative.
- •20. Your task is to compare and contrast piracy in its "golden age" with modern piracy.
- •Piracy of Yore vs. Piracy Today
- •21. Answer the questions.
- •22. Piracy in recent times.
- •23. Suggested Student Assessment.
- •23. Write a report.
- •Unit 10: shipping. Types of cargo. Containerization.
- •1. Types of cargo.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Packaging and marking of cargo.
- •4. Look at these pictures of cargo-handling gear.
- •5. Write down what each of cargo-handling gear is designed to lift (the first has been done for you).
- •6. Handling instructions
- •7. Below you can find some marks that are used on different cargo packages. Give examples of cargo on which you can see these marks.
- •8. Do and Make.
- •9. Phrasal verbs with Do and Make.
- •10. Complete the following sentences with an appropriate form of do or make.
- •11. Be aware of the following common expressions:
- •12. Make or Do? Choose the correct variant.
- •13. Fill in the gaps with make or do.
- •14. Make and Do. Complete the following sentences using a word partnership with make or do.
- •15. Advantages and disadvantages of containerization.
- •16. Answer whether the following sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.
- •17. Used to.
- •19. Fill in the gaps using an appropriate verb.
- •20. Make sentences using the key words (“used to”).
- •21. Complete the sentences with “used to”.
- •22. Fill the gaps using an appropriate verb.
- •23. Choose the correct answer for each question.
- •25. Complete the following sentences using one of the answer choices given below each question.
- •Unit 11. Navigating a ship. Aids to navigation
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •Answer whether the following sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.
- •4. Aids to Navigation.
- •Piloting
- •5. Answer the following questions.
- •6. Answer whether the following sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.
- •7. Sound.
- •8. Third Conditional. Form
- •9. Rearrange the sentences using the Third Conditional.
- •10. Fill in the gaps, using the verb in brackets . Be careful. You have to think very carefully about the meaning of the phrase to decide whether to use a negative or positive verb form.
- •11. Type the letter of the phrase on the right that matches the one on the left.
- •12. Put the verb in brackets into the correct form:
- •14. Find the correct conditions (types of if-clauses).
- •15. Put in the correct phrases and form a conditional sentence (type I, II, III).
- •16. Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a conditional sentence - type III. Mind the negations in the sentences.
- •17. Role Play “What would you take to sea”.
- •Word list Unit 1
- •Unit 10
- •Unit 11
- •Unit 7: describing people’s character. Applying for a job.
- •1. Applying for a job. The Interview
- •How to get that job
- •Here are some hints for you how to apply for a job online. Follow these suggestions and fill in an on-line application of any crewing agency you would like to work for.
- •How to Apply for a Job Online
- •Instructions
- •4. Curriculum Vitae (cv).
- •A general layout of a cv:
- •A basic cv
- •Personal Profile
- •Career History
- •Education and training
- •Personal Details
- •Include the following if appropriate:
- •Include the following if appropriate:
- •Include the following points if appropriate:
- •5. Application Forms
Word list Unit 1
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Ability(n) achieve(v) according to(v) among to approach situations with confidence appear(v) available(adj) attraction(n) to be prompt to decide to breed fluency and willingness cause(v) circumstance(n) commodity(n) day-dream(v) data(n) disseminate(v) doubt(v) draw attention dresser(n) enable(v) envy(v) estimate(v) exactly(adv) frequent(v) go off (phrasal v) hardly ever(adv) highly specialized field improve(v) insufficient(adj) |
intend(v) internal(adj) indicate(v) learn by rote medium for communication major(adj) minority(n) occasion owing to pollute(v) recognize(v) range(n) to require linguistic knowledge requirement(n) rote learning sound(v) seem(v) suffice(v) skill(n) STCW(Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping) stipulate(v) spread(v) to stipulate requirements trade(v) traffic(n) though unforeseeable widespread |
Unit 2
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accommodation(n) affect(v) appraisal asap (as soon as possible) assign(v) allocate(v) be in possession be in charge of be at sea be on duty be obliged boat station breathing and resuscitation equipment bunk(n) carry out(v) combat(n) complete(v) compartment(n) deckhand(n) do apprenticeship deputize for (v) designated as discharging do a sea apprenticeship drill(n) ensure(v) entry(n) enumerate(v) familiarize with(v) follow the orders give a hand GMDSS (Global Maritime Distress and Safety System) guess(v) handling(n) |
hazard(n) humble(v) in connection with inventory(n) implementing(v) maintain(v) make familiar make an appointment(v) mooring operation muster duties nautical(adj) outgoing(adj) overall oversee(v) perform duties prevention(n) procedure(n) replace someone(v) serve(v) senior(adj) spare (adj) steer(v) stowage(n) submit(v) subordinate to supervise(v) to take over command verification (n) voluntary (adj) UMS (Unmanned system) upkeep of all bridge equipment watertight (adj) with regard to
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Unit 3
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according to adopt (v) aftermost (adj) ascending (adj) backward (adv) beam (n) berth (v) blade (n) breadth (n) buoy(n) bow thruster (n) bulkhead (n) chain locker (n) cockpit (n) coincidence (n) compartment (n) constantly (adv) delay (n) derrick (n) descending (adj) double bottom tank draught (n) dry cargo vessel embark (v) exhaust fumes face (v) ferry (n) fin (n) fit (v) flood (v) forward (adv) forecastle (v) fore (adj) funnel (n) fulfillment (n) gangplank (n) go ahead hinge (v) highlight (v) hitchhike (v)
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increase (v) interrupt (v) involve (v) irritate (v) jet (n) lead (led/ led) length (n) let out (v) oar (n) occur (v) pitch (v) pier (n) porthole (n) pump out (v) pump up (v) quay (n) rear (adj) revolve (v) roll (v) rough sea rowing boat screw/ propeller (n) seasick (n) settle (v) set sail (v) shaft (n) show around (v) source (n) space (n) spin (v) stable (adj) starboard steering wheel stem (v) trap water violent (adj) watertight shell winch (n) wreck (n) |
Unit 4
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acceleration (n) accuse (v) admit (v) aim (n) afford (v) arrange (v) attempt (v) avoid (v) be aware of (v) be good at be keen on smth. be short of smth. Bill of Lading (n) bother (v) can’t help (v) capacity (n) carry on = continue cell (n) coastal waters consider (v) consignment (n) destination (n) disappoint (v) drag (v) dredger (n) drop (v) eliminate (v) entry (n) evidence (v) fertilizer (n) for granted gang (n) give up (v) guide (v) haul (v) in comparison with inland waters involve (v) maneuverable (adj) overtake (v) |
oil spill (n) omit (v) on someone’s behalf participant (n) path (n) persuade (v) pilot launch (n) ply on (v) postpone (v) pour (v) pretend (v) pull (v) rear (adj) reduce (v) regret (v) roll (v) seabed (n) seaworthy (adj) set fire (v) scenic (adj) schedule (n) scoop (v) ship (v) sidelights (n) solid (adj) stack (v) stable (adj) stand (v = bear) sturdy (adj) submit (v) suggest (v) tide (n) threaten (v) tow (v) upset (v) vehicle (n) wander (v) warehouse (n)
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Unit 5
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accurate (adj) affect (v) altitude (n) approach (v) blizzard (n) changeable (adj) chilly (adj) cloudiness (n) compile (v) damp (adj) defuse (v) dense (adj) dew (n) downpour drizzle drought (n) dull (adj) earthquake (n) ebb (n) envelop (v) equal (adj) erupt (v) evaporation (n) expand (v) fall (n) famine (n) find a solution frequency (n) gust (n) hailstones head (v) humidity imminent (adj) |
melt (v) mild (adj) mist (n) on the other hand overcast (adj) pour (v) precipitation (n) predict (v) reduce (v) restore (v) run aground severe (adj) shelter (n) sleet (n) slush (n) snowdrift (n) snowflake starve (v) swell (n) temperate (adj) thick (v) thaw (v) threat (n) throughout thundercloud trade winds (n) tremble (v) tremendous (adj) tremor (n) underestimate (v) visibility (n) waterspout (n) whirl (v) |
Unit 6
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achieve (v) acknowledge (v) affect (v) alongside (adv) all concerned alter (v) anchoring (v) announce (v) appreciate (v) avoid (v) broadcast (v) concern (v) consider (v) conventional (adj) dash (n) deal with deliver (v) dot (n) drag (v) embrace (v) encounter (v) entity (n) essential (adj) establish (v) eavesdropper (n) facilities (n) flare (n) get across (v) go aground headquarter (n) hoist (v) in advance in response to in conformity with in reply to |
inquiry (n) instead of (adv) inventor (n) keep clear keep in touch (v) language barrier (n) leading (adj) lease (v) limit (v) misunderstanding (n) offer (v) obtain (v) overhauling (n) paste (v) pass a law (v) permission (n) permit (v) provide (v) recipient (n) relatively (adj) relay (v) remote (adj) roadstead (n) sequence (n) shutter (n) sophisticated (adj) substitute (v) suitable (adj) suggest (v) transmit (v) uninterrupted (adj) urgently (adj) volume (n) yell (v) |
Unit 7
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abrupt (adj) to achieve the qualification affiliation (n) ambitious (adj) amendment (n) apply for appropriate (adj) ARPA attend (v) attentive (adj) available (adj) blunt (adj) calm (v) capable (adj) clarify (v) competent in conceited (adj) to conduct sea voyages considerate (adj) contribute towards the Company’s goals dead reckoning determine errors of the compass easy-going (adj) eccentric (adj) emphasize (v) endorsement (n) evaluate the job hunting strategies extensive knowledge hardworking
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ill-mannered (adj) indecisive (adj) initiate (v) innovative (adj) inquisitive (adj) lay out (v) legibly (adv) next of kin out-of-date (adj) to perform duties promotion (n) pushy (adj) rank (n) recent (adj) reference (n) render (v) shrewd (adj) sly (adj) sociable (adj) to stick to plain language suburbs (n) tight-fisted (adj) thorough (adj) trustworthy (adj) unambiguous (adj) unsolicited (adj) up-to-date (adj) weird (adj) witty (adj)
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Unit 8
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access (n) accidental (adj) be diligent in be on passage bilge (n) break up with smb bring a charge brook (n) cliff (n) collision (n) collusion (n) conscious (adj) contamination (n) copse (n) cove (n) deal with debris to decline a responsibility deter (v) dissolve (v) dump (v) estuary (n) gangway (n) glacier (n) gorge (n) greenhouse effect grounding (n) gulf (n) hawser pipe cover heritage (n) hillock (n)
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jellyfish (n) lane (n) life expectancy make smth. clear mouth (n) overfishing (n) peninsula (n) to plug a scupper port of call pray (n) precaution (n) predator (n) rainforest (n) rate of discharge release (v) render assistance ridge (n) scupper (n) shift (n) slop tank source (n) spillage (n) storage locker summit (n) tampering (n) tributary (n) unauthorised boarding valve (n) vulnerable (adj) waste disposal
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Unit 9
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abide (v) aftermast (n) aid to vision alleyway (n) avoid (v) to alter course to starboard to be on reciprocal courses bowsprit (n) bulwark (n) capture (v) chase (v) compulsory attendance conceivable situation to confirm helm order to curb piracy cutlass (n) deem (v) descend (v) execute (v) fearsome (adj) foremast (n) gag (n) to give way hazard (n) head-on collision international Regulations for Preventing collisions at Sea to issue rules to keep clear of lifejacket grips
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lucrative (adj) meticulous ruling musket (n) to obey rules overall responsibility overtake (v) plimsoll mark plunder (v) prevent (v) privateering (n) prowl (v) pursuit (n) reward (n) robbery (n) ruthless practice scourge (n) subdue (v) to sentence to death to set out precisely subdue (v) to tar the body tolerate (v) wield (v) |