14. Learn new weather vocabulary.

Jet stream. A high-speed, meandering wind current, generally moving from a westerly direction at speeds often exceeding 400 kilometers (250 miles) per hour at altitudes of 15 to 25 kilometers (10 to 15 miles).

Trade winds. Winds moving from the north or south toward the equator; so named because the early traders used these winds to sail to America from Europe.

Dew point. The temperature at which air becomes saturated and produces dew.

Hurricane. A severe tropical cyclone originating in the equatorial regions of the Atlantic Ocean or Caribbean Sea, travelling north, northwest, or northeast from its point of origin, and usually involving heavy rains; a wind with a speed greater than 74 miles (119 km) per hour.

Storm surge. Domes of water produced by the action of cyclonic winds during a hurricane, in which the sea level can be up to five meters higher than normal.

Funnel cloud. A spiral shaped cloud that emerges from the base of a thunder cloud; it contains winds that are rotating violently.

Vortex. A spiral motion of fluid within a limited area, especially a whirling mass of water or air that sucks everything near it toward its center.

Sandstorm. A strong wind carrying clouds of sand and dust through the air.

Atmospheric pressure. The weight of the atmosphere directly above a piece of earth. This force is also called barometric pressure.

Climate. The average weather for an area. It includes the average temperatures and the average rainfall and snowfall over many years.

Forecast. A prediction of what the weather will be. It is usually based on wind speed, air temperature, air humidity, and atmospheric pressure.

Gale. A strong wind that is less violent than a hurricane but stronger than a stiff breeze. It ranks from 7 to 100 on the Beaufort Scale.

Isobar. A line drawn on a weather chart through points of equal barometric pressure.

Swell. A very large wave that is the first sign of an approaching hurricane or typhoon. Swell waves are taller and farther apart than regular waves. They come at a frequency of about four waves per minute.

Tornado. A strong windstorm with funnel-shaped clouds that are sometimes called funnel clouds. Tornadoes that form over water are called waterspouts.

Tropical cyclone. A huge storm that forms in an area of low atmospheric pressure and has spiral winds of 74 mph or more. It is also called a hurricane in the Northern Hemisphere and a typhoon in the Southern Hemisphere.

Trough. An elongated area of low pressure where poor weather is expected.

Typhoon. A huge storm that forms in an area of low atmospheric pressure and has spiral winds of 74 mph or more. It is also called a tropical cyclone.

15. Present Perfect and Past Simple.

4. Present Perfect

HAVE (HAS)+ Past Participle

The Present Perfect is formed with the auxiliary to have in present + the Past Participle.

 

Affirmative form I you                 HAVE   we  WORKED     they he/she/it      HAS WORKED

Negative form I you     HAVE NOT /haven’t/ we            WORKED they he/she/it     HAS NOT WORK

Interrogative form                 I HAVE      you       WORKED?               we               they HAS   he/she/it    WORKED?

U s a g e

1. The Present Perfect is often used for an action that started at some time in the past and is still continuing now.

e.g. He has lived in Canada for five years.

She has worked at the University since 1994.

1. 2. Actions which happened at some unknown time in the past. Sometimes, it's important to say that something happened (or didn't happen), but it's not important (or not known) when it happened.

e. g. Have you ever been to Germany?

I've already seen that film. I don't want to see it again.