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39. Beaufort Wind Scale.

Devised by British Rear-Admiral, Sir Francis Beaufort in 1805 based on observations of the effects of the wind

Beaufort number (force)

Wind Speed

Wave height (feet)

WMO description

Effects observed on the sea

Effects observed on land

knots

mph

0

under 1

under 1

-

Calm

Sea is like a mirror

1

1 - 3

1 - 3

0.25

Light air

Ripples with appearance of scales; no foam crests

2

4 - 6

4 - 7

0.5 - 1

Light breeze

Small wavelets; crests of glassy appearance, not breaking

3

7 - 10

8 - 12

2 - 3

Gentle breeze

Large wavelets; crests begin to break; scattered whitecaps

4

11-16

13-18

3½ - 5

Moderate breeze

Small waves, becoming longer; numerous whitecaps

5

17-21

19-24

6 - 8

Fresh breeze

Moderate waves, taking longer form; many whitecaps; some spray

6

22-27

25-31

9½-13

Strong breeze

Larger waves forming; whitecaps everywhere; more spray

7

28-33

32-38

13½-19

Near gale

Sea heaps up; white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks

8

34-40

39-46

18-25

Gale

Moderately high waves of greater length; edges of crests begin to break into spindrift; foam is blown in well-marked streaks

9

41-47

47-54

23-32

Strong gale

High waves; sea begins to roll; dense streaks of foam; spray may begin to reduce visibility

10

48-55

55-63

29-41

Storm

Very high waves with overhanging crests; sea takes white appearance as foam is blown in very dense streaks; rolling is heavy and visibility is reduced

11

56-63

64-72

37-52

Violent storm

Exceptionally high waves; sea covered with white foam patches; visibility further reduced

12

64 and over

73 and over

45 and over

Hurricane

Air filled with foam; sea completely white with driving spray; visibility greatly reduced

40. Describe effects observed on the sea and name the wind having data only about wind speed in knots. Don’t forget to tell about wave height.

11-16……………………………………………………………………………………

22-27……………………………………………………………………………………

41-47……………………………………………………………………………………

56-63……………………………………………………………………………………

64 and over………………………………………………………………………………

Now choose any Beaufort number and try to describe the effects on land. The other student must try to guess the number.

    1. UNIT 6: COMMUNICATION AT SEA.

1. Do you think the following statements are true or false? Compare answers with your partner, and say why you have that opinion.

Useful language:

Strong opinions

Weak opinions

Other opinions language

I’m a firm believer in…

In my honest opinion,…

I strongly believe…

I really think…

To be frank,…

Frankly,…

I’m convinced that…

I’m absolutely certain that…

I’m positive that…

Without a doubt,…

With some reservations, I’d

say that…

There is a lot to be said for

both, but if I was asked I’d

say…

I would imagine that…

I would guess that…

As far as I know,…

It is my view that…

If you ask me,…

Although I can see the other

side of the argument,…

If you want my opinion, I’d

say that…

If you ask me,…

The way I see it,…

I would say that…

As far as I’m concerned,…

I am of the opinion that…

Your experience

Others opinions and experience

In my (personal) experience,…

From personal experience, I would say…

I have (generally) found that…

Experience has shown me that…

It is commonly thought that…

It is widely believed that…

There is a common opinion that…

Many people say that…

The majority of people (who I know) (seem

to) think that…

I have heard that…

• Good communicators in their own language are usually good communicators in other languages too

• Body language, gestures and facial expressions are more important than the words you use

• Most gestures are the same in every country

• It’s always important to keep eye contact while communicating

• Using too many gestures to communicate in another language makes communicating too easy and so stops your speech developing

• Good communication cannot be taught

• You can learn to interpret people’s body language

• I would notice if someone was mirroring (copying people’s body language to make them feel sympathetic to you) and feel uncomfortable

• Being a good listener is more important than being a fluent speaker

• You can learn to be a good listener

What are the most important things about being a good communicator? Is being a good communicator very important when you are at sea?

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