9. Choose the correct variant, either needn't or mustn't.

1. I don't mind at all. You ______ apologise.

2. It's a secret. You ______ tell anybody.  

3.   It's not urgent. You ______ do it now.  

4.   You can type those letters later. You ______ do it now.    

5. I can find my own way there. You ______ wait for me.    

6. If I show you my new hat, you ______ laugh.

7. You ______ come if you don't want to but we will be very pleased if you do.    

8. Keep quiet. You ______ talk so loudly in here. People are trying to work.  

9.  I want a new house. It ______ have a swimming pool but it must have a nice garden.    

10. There's plenty of money in our account so we ______ take those cheques to the bank today.    

11. I'm not deaf. You _____ shout.    

12. You ______ drive at more than 70 mph in the UK.

13. I'll do everything. You ______ do anything unless you really want to. 

14.  You ______ touch that switch, whatever you do.  

15.   If you want an explanation of this grammar point, you ______ do a thing. I'll send you one automatically.

10. Find and correct mistakes.

1. Fred doesn’t go to school so he has not to get up so early.

2. Horses can sleeping standing.

3. You can to buy only second-hand books in that shop.

4. They want have to go there next week.

5. All drivers of cars should wear seat belts. Seat belts make driving much safer.

6. You needn’t to wait for me.

7. You may eat your supper so quickly. Do you want to get a stomach ache?

8. Cactus plants needn’t much water. That’s why they cannot grow in the dry desert.

9. You shouldn’t to try to crack nuts with your teeth.

11. Types of Ships (Part II).

Reefers Tanker

Timbers LPG

Container ships LNG

Barges Chemical carrier

Ro-Ro

Bulkers

Heavy-cargo ships

Cattle ships

6. Classification of cargo ships (Part I)

Cargo ships, or freighters, can be divided into four groups, according to the kind of cargo they carry. These groups are (1) general cargo ships, (2) specialized ships, (3) liquid cargo ships, and (4) multipurpose ships.

General cargo includes items which are packed (boxes, barrels, bags, packages) or not packed (pipes, bricks, machinery, rolls of wire). They usually have spacious holds which occupy the larger part of the hull. Refrigerator chambers to keep perishable foods, tanks for carrying vegetable oils and air-conditioned systems for furs that need special care are provided on modern vessels. However, the disadvantage is that loading and unloading takes a long time which causes delay.

Specialized ships - the cargo is carefully distributed according to its type and requirement of special conditions.

Liquid cargo vessels carry petroleum or other liquid cargo. Dry bulk carriers haul coal, grain, iron ore, and similar products that can be loaded in bulk (loose) on the vessels.

Multipurpose ships carry different classes of cargo - for example, liquid and general cargo - at the same time.

Cargo ships can also be divided into two types according to the service they offer shippers—liner service or tramp service. Cargo liners run on fixed schedules along certain trade routes and charge published rates. They usually transport only general cargo. Some cargo liners also carry passengers. Those that carry more than 12 passengers are called combination or passenger-cargo ships. Tramp ships do not sail on regular trade routes or have regular schedules. They wander the sea lanes like taxicabs and can be hired to haul almost anything, anywhere, anytime. Tramps can be classed as deep-sea or short-sea tramps. Some of them are classed as coasters. They ply on coastal routes and up rivers to inland ports. Small shipping companies and private individuals operate these ships.