11. You’ve read about the ways of communication when you are aboard the ship. What other ways of communication do you know? Can you enumerate their advantages and disadvantages?

12. Personal and Impersonal Passive constructions.

Personal and Impersonal constructions are used when we cannot say or do not need to say who the speaker is (for example, in news reports).

e.g. It was reported that the president had suffered a heart attack. (People said that the President had suffered a heart attack.) or The President was reported to have suffered a heart attack. (Someone reported that he had suffered a heart attack.)

The verbs think, believe, say, report, know expect, consider, understand are used in the following personal and impersonal constructions: 1) It + passive verb + clause with verbs of reporting

e.g. It is said (that) Henry is in love with Claire.

2) Subject (not it) + passive verb + to infinitive with verbs of reporting

e.g. Henry is said to be in love with Claire.

13. Begin these sentences with it, a name/a noun + passive construction.

e. g. It is expected that prices will rise again this month. (to expect)

1. …… that all the passengers had died in the crash. (to fear)

2. …… to be an expert in financial matters. (to suppose)

3. …… to have committed a crime. (to think)

4. …… that the sea level is rising. (to think)

5. …… to be a lot of coal in the Antarctic. (to think)

6. …… to be honest and reliable. (to consider)

7. …… to be thousands of people waiting to renew their passports. (to say)

8. …… that thousands of new jobs will be created in the computer industry. (to say)

9. …… to be a fall in house prices, but I haven’t noticed it. (to suppose)

14.Complete the sentences, as in the example.

e.g It is expected that he will win the race tomorrow. He …is expected to win the race tomorrow…

1. It is thought that the school has good teachers. The school…………………………….

2. It is said that she speaks seven languages. She …………………………………………

3. It is believed that the missing jewellery has been found. The missing jewellery ……………………………..

4. It is thought that she is a talented pianist. She ………………………………………….

5. It is said that the athletes train for eight hours every day. The athletes ……………….….

6. It is expected that the American team will break the world record. The American team …………………………………….

7. It is known that she is hiding somewhere in the city. She …………………………………

8. It is reported that the world leaders have reached an agreement. The world leaders .…………………..

9. It is reported that the thieves have escaped from prison. The thieves ………………..

15. Transform the following sentences into the Passive as in the example.

e.g. People expect him to win. He is expected to win. / It is expected that he will win.

1. Journalists have reported that the President is ill.

2. Everyone knows that the statement was untrue.

3. Many people believe that the climate is changing.

4. People say that the quiz champion Claude Jennings has lost his memory.

5. Everyone expects that the soap opera “Round the Corner” will end next year.

6. Journalists suppose that the footballer Wayne Johnson is earning 10 million USD a year.

7. Lots of people believe that the Prime Minister and his wife have separated.

8. Everybody has agreed that changes to the scheme are necessary.

9. People think that the company is planning to set up a new production line.

10. People say that the company is having problems.

11. Everyone thought that he was lying.

12. People believe that a spy revealed the secret.

13. Many people say that the new prices are too high.

14. They claim that this diamond is the largest in the world.