20. Choose the best variant of a, b, c, d. Fill in the gaps.

1. ………….. carries cargo along the coast.

a) Ro/Ro

b) Lash ship

c) Reefer

d) Coaster

3. Cargo is loaded and discharged by the vessel's………………. on general cargo ships.

a) pumps

b) gantry cranes

c) trailers

d) derricks

4. The loaded vehicles are driven aboard via ......................... .

a) a hold

b) a ramp

c) a compartment

d) an engine room

5. Reefers are equipped with ………………………… .

a) tweendeck

b) double bottom

c) refrigerating plant

d) gantry crane

6. …………..… is a raw material from which wood products are manufactured.

a) grain

b) timber

c) ore

d) fertilizer

7. ..................... have been especially designed to carry holidaymakers.

a) Ro/Ro

b) General Cargo ships

c) Cruise Ships

d) tramps

8. Perishable cargo must be …………. in spaces that have precise temperature and humidity control.

a) manufactured

b) submerged

c) secured

d) stored

9. Containers are ………………... in rows, bays and tiers.

a) run

b) stored

c) stowed

d) secured

10. Double bottoms provide …………….. for fuel, lubricating oil and waters.

a) discharge

b) stowage

c) storage

d) emerge

11. ………….. that carry cargoes according to not fixed schedules are called tramps.

a) liners

b) LPG

c) tramps

d) coasters

12. ……………….. is liquid cargo.

a) timber

b) petroleum

c) vehicle

d) grain

13. Unpacked cargo of one commodity is ………………….. cargo.

a) liquid

b) perishable

c) bulk

d) heavy

14. Heavy load vessel is designed to carry……………………… .

a) containers

b) bulk carriers

c) petroleum

d) derelicts

21. Bill of Lading.

What it is:

A Bill of Lading- often called BOL, or B/L- is a receipt that is given by the carrier to the shipper acknowledging receipt of the goods being shipped and specifying the terms of delivery. The term lading originates from activity "to lade" meaning "to load a cargo onto a ship or other form of transportation."

It is signed by the agent of the owner of the vessel, or by its master, acknowledging the receipt of the goods, and promising to deliver them safe at the place directed, dangers of the sea excepted.

Several parts, that is to say copies, of the Bill of Lading are commonly made out; one or more of these is sent by the shipper of the goods to the consignee, one is retained by the shipper himself, and another is kept by the master for his own guidance.

How it works/example:

1. Company XYZ is in Seattle and it wants to purchase goods from a supplier, Company ABC, in China. The supplier gives the goods to a transatlantic shipping company for transportation to Seattle. It obtains a Bill of Lading from the transportation company and the goods are transported overseas.

2. Why it matters:

A Bill of Lading is a contract. It covers the specific terms of the transportation agreement between a shipper and a carrier. A Bill of Lading is also a receipt, because it proves that the carrier accepted the goods and agreed to take them to their agreed-upon destination. As a result, some Bills of Lading can be bought, sold or traded when the goods are in transit.

What is in a Bill of Lading?

• Shipper's and receiver's / consignee’s names and complete addresses.

• Special account numbers used between businesses for order tracking.

• Special instructions for the carrier to ensure prompt delivery.

• The date of the shipment.

• The number of shipping units.

• Type of packaging, including cartons, pallets.

• A description of the items being shipped, include the material of manufacture and common name.

• The exact weight of the shipment. If multiple commodities are being shipped, then the weight of each commodity is listed separately.

• The declared value of the goods being shipped.