1.10. Learn to read the following measurements.

1. 0.234mm – o [ou] point two three four millimeters

2. 123.4m² – a hundred and twenty-three point four square meters

3. 12.34cm³ – twelve point three four cubic centimeters

4. 1,234ºC – one thousand two hundred and thirty-four degrees Centigrade

1.11. Read out the numbers.

2.3; 0.01; 3.29; 7,016; 0.5; 0.1; 0.32; 0.432; 1.27; 3,425

1.12. A) Compare the spanners. Make sentences.

Example: Spanner A is 90mm longer than spanner B.

(a)	long	(f)	cheap
(b)	wide	(g)	thick
(c)	short	(h)	thin
(d)	narrow	(i)	heavy
(e)	light	(j)	expensive

b) Find opposites among a­–j.

1.13. Read and act out the dialogue At the Descriptive Geometry Class.Then think of another part to draw (e.g. a block, a bar, a plate, a pipe) and act out similar dialogues.

At the Descriptive Geometry Class

T.	Good morning, everybody. Today you ought to draw this part. I’m sure you know its name, don’t you?
S.	I think it’s a key.
T.	That’s right. What are you going to do first?
S.	First I’m going to measure it.
T.	Good! What are you going to measure?
S.	I’m going to measure its length, width and height.
T.	All right. Do it. Now, tell me its length.
S.	Its length is 90mm.
T.	And what is its width?
S.	Its width is 10mm.
T.	Will it take you long to calculate its cross-section?
S.	Just a minute. The cross-section of the key is 80sq. mm.
T.	Fine. You are right. The cross-section of this key is 80sq. mm. Perhaps you know what metal it is made of?
S.	Let me see. I suppose it is made of steel.

1.14. Some compound adjectives are formed with an adjective/numeral + noun +-ed. Rewrite the following expressions according to the model.

Model: a tube with thin walls = a thin-walled tube

shoes with high heels, a rivet with a round head, a girl with curly hair, a table with three legs, a polygon with six sides, a building with five storeys, a screw with a square thread, glasses with metal frames

1.15. Study the text below and say what temperature scales we use in Russia.

There are several scales for measuring temperature. On the Centigrade scale the boiling point of water is fixed at 100ºC, its freezing point is at 0ºC. The equivalent points on the Fahrenheit scale are at 212ºC and 32ºC. When it is necessary to convert temperature readings from the Fahrenheit scale to the Centigrade, we substract 32 and multiply by 5/9. Sometimes scientists use the Absolute scale (Kelvin) in which the temperature is measured in degrees Centigrade from the point at which molecular motion ceases. Absolute zero is –273.1ºC.

1.16. Examine the tables, comments on them, and using the information, agree or disagree with the statements after the text. Correct the wrong ones.

Table 1			Table 2
Metals Iron (Fe) Nickel (Ni) Tin (Sn)	m.p. 1,535ºC 1,453ºC 232ºC		Liquids Water (H2O) Bromine (Br) Benzene (C6H6)	f.p. 0ºC –7ºC –5ºC	b.p. 100ºC 58ºC 80ºC

Table 1 gives the melting points (m.p.) of some metals. Iron has a high melting point. It melts at 1,535ºC. Nickel has a high m.p. Tin has a low m.p. It melts at 232ºC.

Table 2 gives the freezing points (f.p.) and the boiling points (b.p.) of liquids. Water is normally a liquid. It boils at 100ºC, i.e. it becomes a gas above this temperature. It freezes at 0ºC, i.e. it becomes a solid below this temperature. Bromine is normally a liquid but it has a low b.p. It boils at 58ºC and it freezes at –7ºC.

Table 3
Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2) Oxygen (O2) Hydrogen (H2)	f.p. –78ºC –219º C –259ºC	b.p. –57ºC –183ºC –253ºC

Table 3 gives the f.p. and the b.p. of gases. At low temperatures, a gas becomes a liquid. Oxygen liquefies at –183ºC. Carbon dioxide is normally a gas but it is often used in the liquid or the solid state. CO₂ liquefies at –57ºC. It solidifies at –78ºC.

Notes

melting point – точка плавления

i.e. (id est, Latin) – то есть

1. Metals are normally liquids.

2. Iron liquefies at 1,535ºC.

3. Tin has a high m.p.

4. Water boils at 0ºC and it freezes at 100ºC.

5. Bromine becomes a gas above –7ºC.

6. Benzene becomes a gas above 80ºC.

7. CO₂ normally solidifies below –78ºC.

8. Oxygen normally becomes a liquid above –183ºC.

9. Hydrogen is in the liquid state between –253ºC and –259ºC.

1.17. Examine Table 4 and complete the following sentences with the words from the word list.

Table 4
Metal Mercury (Hg)	m.p. –39ºC	b.p. 357ºC

solid, liquid, high, low, conditions, melts, boils, becomes, above, below, measuring, used

Mercury is a metal. Under normal (1) ….… , it is also a liquid. It has a (2) ….… m.p. It (3) ….… at –39ºC, i.e., it is a (4) ….… below this temperature and it is a (5) ….… above this temperature. Liquid mercury is (6) ….… in thermometers. The metal also has a boiling point. At (7) ….… temperatures, the liquid metal (8) ….… a gas. Liquid mercury (9) ….… at 357ºC, i.e., it is a liquid (10) ….… this temperature and it becomes a gas (11) ….… this temperature. Mercury thermometers are not used for (12) ….… temperatures above 350ºC.

1.18. Reading comprehension. Read the text Characteristic Features of Some Elements. For questions 1­–5 on the text, choose the best answer from a–d.