- •Contents
- •Vocabulary
- •Elements and compounds
- •1.6. Read the following text and say if it is true that interatomic distance is fixed in all states of a metal. Read again to answer the questions after it.
- •Vocabulary
- •Three states of matter
- •1.10. Learn to read the following measurements.
- •1.11. Read out the numbers.
- •1.12. A) Compare the spanners. Make sentences.
- •At the Descriptive Geometry Class
- •Vocabulary
- •Characteristic Features of Some Elements
- •Vocabulary Test
- •Grammar Test
- •Vocabulary
- •Materials science in the past and present
- •2.9. Form nouns from the following words:
- •Vocabulary
- •Engineering materials and their properties (Part I)
- •2.12. Reread the text and rewrite the following according to the model, replacing the words in italics with an expression from the text which has a similar meaning.
- •2.16. Read and translate the following text. Talk about the properties of engineering materials in your own words.
- •Vocabulary
- •Engineering materials and their properties (Part II)
- •Vocabulary Test
- •Grammar Test
- •Unit 3. Metals: properties, classification and crystal structure
- •Read the list of words below and choose the ones related to science of materials:
- •Vocabulary
- •Metals, alloys and their uses
- •3.4. Reading comprehension. Read the text Availability, Properties and Classification of Metals and for questions 1–5 (after the text) choose the best answers from a–d.
- •Vocabulary
- •Availability, properties and classification of metals
- •3.5. Use the questions and talk giving the main ideas of the text above.
- •Vocabulary
- •Metallic crystal structure
- •Vocabulary Test
- •Grammar Test
- •Unit 4. Engineering materials. Iron and ferrous metals
- •4.2. Read the text Iron and Its Properties. Answer the following questions. What new have you learnt from the text?
- •Vocabulary
- •Iron and its properties
- •Vocabulary
- •4.4. Connect the two matching parts of the sentences related to the blast furnace operation.
- •Vocabulary
- •Ferrous metals
- •From the history of steelmaking
- •Alloy steels
- •Grammar and Vocabulary Questionnaire
- •Structural steels for shipbuilding
- •Vocabulary Test
- •Grammar Test
- •4.17. Just for fun.
- •4.18. Read the text and agree and disagree with the statements after it.
- •4.19. In the above text, find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:
- •4.20. Read the text and write a list of titanium and its alloys qualities that make titanium different from other metals. A wonder metal
- •Long-term corrosion protection for hulls and water jets
- •Nonmetallic materials
- •4.24. What kinds of non-metal things do people use at home and at work in the office? Entitle the text below. Compare metals and non-metals as structural materials.
- •Unit 5. Materials technology
- •Vocabulary
- •Processing and heat treatment of metals
- •Visit to a Plant
- •Hardening plain carbon steel
- •Vocabulary
- •Welding processes
- •Gas welding
- •Hard to define
- •Nanotechnology
- •Larger to smaller: materials perspective
- •References
- •Appendix Summary tips Аннотирование и реферирование
- •Аннотация и реферат
- •Структура реферата
- •Этапы реферирования и аннотирования
- •Некоторые рекомендации по составлению аннотации и реферата
Vocabulary
substance n |
— |
вещество |
lead n |
— |
свинец |
compound n |
— |
соединение |
resolve v |
— |
разлагать, распадаться |
oxygen n |
— |
кислород |
hydrogen n |
— |
водород |
decompose v |
— |
разлагать, распадаться |
distribution n |
— |
распределение |
make up v |
— |
составлять |
crust n |
— |
кора |
rock n |
— |
горная порода |
soil n |
— |
земля, почва |
silicon n |
— |
кремний |
abundant a |
— |
распространенный, изобилующий |
calcium n |
— |
кальций |
sodium n |
— |
натрий |
potassium n |
— |
калий |
magnesium n |
— |
магний |
form v |
— |
образовывать |
carbon dioxide |
— |
углекислый газ |
sulphuric acid |
— |
серная кислота |
sulphur n |
— |
сера |
possess v |
— |
обладать |
property n |
— |
свойство |
constituent n |
— |
составная часть, компонент |
respect n |
— |
отношение |
Elements and compounds
Substances may be classified as elements and compounds. It was never possible to resolve lead, oxygen, and hydrogen into simpler substances. The term “element” or “elementary substance” is used to mean a substance that can not be decomposed into other substances. Elements have only one type of atom whereas compounds have more than one type. Aluminium is an element; it has only aluminium atoms. Oxygen has only one type of atom, so it is also an element. Elements may be divided into metals and non-metals.
The distribution of elements in nature is found to be very unequal. The oxygen makes up over half the earth’s crust including the solid rocks, soil, ocean, and atmosphere. Silicon is the second most abundant element. Adding to these two elements the six most common metals are aluminium, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium.
Most substances are composed of two or more elements chemically combined as molecules to form compounds, the most common being water. So compounds are substances consisting of at least two different substances.
Carbon dioxide has two types of atom (carbon and oxygen), so it is a compound. Sulphuric acid is a compound: it has three types of atom (hydrogen, sulphur and oxygen). Some compounds, such as proteins, possess hundreds of atoms of several elements in each of their molecules. The chemical energy of a compound is always different from the sum of chemical energies of its constituents taken separately. A compound has its own characteristic properties which differ in many respects from the properties of its constituents.
What two large groups may substances be divided into?
What does the term “element” mean?
Can oxygen and hydrogen be resolved into simpler substances?
Which is the most abundant earth’s crust element?
How may elements be classified?
How many substances form a compound?
What elements is carbon dioxide composed of?
Is the chemical energy of a compound equal to the total energy of its constituents?
Do the properties of a compound depend on those of its constituents?
1.5. We form adverbs ending in -ly from adjectives (main – mainly) and there are adjectives ending in -ly formed from nouns (friend – friendly). Add -ly to the following words and translate them:
chemical, separate, high, love, beautiful, positive, earth, home, general, understanding, physical, economic, woman, wide, order, sufficient, large, considerable, eventual, continuous, complete, permanent, natural, usual, particular, artificial, essential, comparative, certain, fair, gradual, principal, general