- •Contents
- •Vocabulary
- •Elements and compounds
- •1.6. Read the following text and say if it is true that interatomic distance is fixed in all states of a metal. Read again to answer the questions after it.
- •Vocabulary
- •Three states of matter
- •1.10. Learn to read the following measurements.
- •1.11. Read out the numbers.
- •1.12. A) Compare the spanners. Make sentences.
- •At the Descriptive Geometry Class
- •Vocabulary
- •Characteristic Features of Some Elements
- •Vocabulary Test
- •Grammar Test
- •Vocabulary
- •Materials science in the past and present
- •2.9. Form nouns from the following words:
- •Vocabulary
- •Engineering materials and their properties (Part I)
- •2.12. Reread the text and rewrite the following according to the model, replacing the words in italics with an expression from the text which has a similar meaning.
- •2.16. Read and translate the following text. Talk about the properties of engineering materials in your own words.
- •Vocabulary
- •Engineering materials and their properties (Part II)
- •Vocabulary Test
- •Grammar Test
- •Unit 3. Metals: properties, classification and crystal structure
- •Read the list of words below and choose the ones related to science of materials:
- •Vocabulary
- •Metals, alloys and their uses
- •3.4. Reading comprehension. Read the text Availability, Properties and Classification of Metals and for questions 1–5 (after the text) choose the best answers from a–d.
- •Vocabulary
- •Availability, properties and classification of metals
- •3.5. Use the questions and talk giving the main ideas of the text above.
- •Vocabulary
- •Metallic crystal structure
- •Vocabulary Test
- •Grammar Test
- •Unit 4. Engineering materials. Iron and ferrous metals
- •4.2. Read the text Iron and Its Properties. Answer the following questions. What new have you learnt from the text?
- •Vocabulary
- •Iron and its properties
- •Vocabulary
- •4.4. Connect the two matching parts of the sentences related to the blast furnace operation.
- •Vocabulary
- •Ferrous metals
- •From the history of steelmaking
- •Alloy steels
- •Grammar and Vocabulary Questionnaire
- •Structural steels for shipbuilding
- •Vocabulary Test
- •Grammar Test
- •4.17. Just for fun.
- •4.18. Read the text and agree and disagree with the statements after it.
- •4.19. In the above text, find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:
- •4.20. Read the text and write a list of titanium and its alloys qualities that make titanium different from other metals. A wonder metal
- •Long-term corrosion protection for hulls and water jets
- •Nonmetallic materials
- •4.24. What kinds of non-metal things do people use at home and at work in the office? Entitle the text below. Compare metals and non-metals as structural materials.
- •Unit 5. Materials technology
- •Vocabulary
- •Processing and heat treatment of metals
- •Visit to a Plant
- •Hardening plain carbon steel
- •Vocabulary
- •Welding processes
- •Gas welding
- •Hard to define
- •Nanotechnology
- •Larger to smaller: materials perspective
- •References
- •Appendix Summary tips Аннотирование и реферирование
- •Аннотация и реферат
- •Структура реферата
- •Этапы реферирования и аннотирования
- •Некоторые рекомендации по составлению аннотации и реферата
4.4. Connect the two matching parts of the sentences related to the blast furnace operation.
1. Hot air is blasted |
a) iron ores. |
2. Iron ore is mixed |
b) to the furnace bottom. |
3. Flux is needed |
c) of three components in the proper proportions. |
4. The molten iron and slag flow |
d) abundant element on earth. |
5. Oxygen is the most |
e) nozzles through which air is forced into the blast furnace. |
6. Tuyeres are |
f) to absorb the impurities. |
7. Charge consists |
g) through the furnace. |
8. Hematite and magnetite are |
h) with coke and flux. |
4.5. Read the headline of the following text and predict what kind of facts/information you could find in it. Then read the text and say what you guessed correctly and what you didn’t.
Vocabulary
iron-carbon alloy |
— |
железоуглеродистый сплав |
wrought iron |
— |
ковкий чугун, кованое железо |
machine v |
— |
обрабатывать механически |
adjust v |
— |
регулировать, выверять, корректировать |
content n |
— |
содержание |
alloying element |
— |
легирующий элемент |
texture n |
— |
текстура, структура |
harmful a |
— |
вредный, опасный |
effect n |
— |
влияние, воздействие, эффект |
carbon steel |
— |
углеродистая сталь |
low-alloy steel |
— |
низколегированная сталь |
high-alloy steel |
— |
высоколегированная сталь |
account for phr v |
— |
составлять |
sheet iron |
— |
тонколистовой прокат |
medium-carbon steel |
— |
среднеуглеродистая сталь |
forging n |
— |
ковка |
welding n |
— |
сварка |
cutting n |
— |
резка |
cutting tool |
— |
режущий инструмент, резец |
spring n |
— |
пружина |
Ferrous metals
Iron is the main component of iron-carbon alloys such as cast iron, wrought iron and steels. Because of their wide range of properties, iron-carbon alloys are widely used in engineering and are the most important of all the industrial metals.
Cast iron is one of the oldest ferrous alloys known to man. It is a general term applied to iron-carbon alloys containing more than 2% carbon. It is the cheapest of the ferrous metals and must be cast into shape as it does not possess the necessary plasticity when worked in the solid state. There are many variations in the structure and physical properties of cast iron that may be classified into three groups: grey cast iron, white cast iron and malleable cast iron.
Wrought iron is more or less pure iron hardened slightly by heat treatment and hammering. It is quite ductile and has high resistance to corrosion. The carbon content of wrought iron is generally less than 0.1%. Now wrought iron is used mostly for ornamental gates.
Steel is an iron-carbon alloy containing 0.003–2% carbon. Adjusting the carbon content is the simplest way to change the properties of steel since the many variations of steel’s basic microstructures depend on that content. Each particular microstructure has its specific degrees of hardness, strength, toughness, corrosion resistance and electrical resistivity.
The properties of a steel may be further modified by adding other alloying elements. Manganese comes directly after carbon in importance as a constituent of all types of steel. It deoxidizes the molten steel giving it the desired texture and is able to minimize the harmful effect of sulphur. Sulphur and phosphorus are the most harmful impurities of steel whose amounts should be limited. Based on the quantity of alloying elements, steels can be grouped into three major classes: carbon steels, low-alloy steels and high-alloy steels.
Carbon steels are the most widely used and account for 90% of the world’s steel production. Low-carbon steels are quite ductile, and are used in making sheet iron, wire and pipes. Medium-carbon steels being tougher and stronger, engineers design them as structural materials. Both low-carbon and medium-carbon steels are suitable for forging and welding. High-carbon steels are hard and brittle, and are used in cutting tools, surgical instruments, razor blades and springs.
4.6. Study Table 1 and answer the following questions.
Table 1
Carbon Content-Malleability and Carbon Content-Elasticity Relations for Ferrous Metals
FERROUS METAL |
MALLEABILITY |
ELASTICITY |
CARBON CONTENT |
Wrought iron |
good |
good |
0.05% |
Low-carbon steels |
quite good |
quite good |
0.08–0.25% |
Medium-carbon steels |
not very good |
not very good |
0.25–0.65% |
High-carbon steels |
poor |
poor |
0.65–2% |
Cast iron |
very poor |
very poor |
2–5% |
Which properties depend on the carbon content?
Which metal has the most carbon in it?
Which metal contains the least carbon?
Which metal is the least malleable?
Which metal has the most elasticity?
Which steels contain approximately 0.65–2% carbon?
Which steels are more malleable, medium or high-carbon steels?
Which steels have less elasticity, high or low-carbon steels?
4.7. Study the model below and make sentences relying on Table 1.
Model:
wrought iron/malleable →
|
Wrought iron contains about 0.05% carbon. Therefore, it is very malleable. |
low-carbon steels/malleable
medium-carbon steels/elastic
high-carbon steels/malleable
cast iron/elastic
4.8. a) Read the text and fill in the correct words derived from the words in brackets. There is an example at the beginning (0). b) Reread the text and say what caused progress in steelmaking in the 19th century.