Vocabulary Test

1. Iron is allotropic, … it exists in different forms.

a. etc. b. e.g. c. i.e. d. ii

2. Its crystal structure may be of different type … the temperature.

a. depending b. depends on c. because of d. depending

3. This form of iron remains … the melting point is … .

a. till, achieved b. until, reached

c. until, changed d. to, reached

4. Other elements are added to iron to … its properties.

a. improve b. approve c. disprove d. prove

5. We know iron-carbon alloys … cast iron, wrought iron and steels.

a. as b. such c. such as d. like

6. The furnace is charged with coke, iron ore and flux in the … proportion.

a. proper b. properly c. good d. enough

7. At this stage the coke … to form carbon dioxide.

a. borns b. buries c. fires d. burns

8. Cast iron is a general term … to iron-carbon alloys.

a. applied b. applyable c. used d. employed

9. Malleable cast iron is made by heat … of white cast iron.

a. treat b. treatment c. treaty d. treetment

10. These steels are … forging and welding.

a. fit b. matching c. suitable for d. suit

Grammar Test

1. … room temperature, pure iron has the structure known as alpha-ferrite.

a. in b. under c. on d. at

2. …is rarely used without adding other elements.

a. it b. there c. their d. its

3. The pure metal is malleable and … be easily shaped … hammering.

a. must, — b. should, without

c. can, by d. could, with

4. A strong blast of air blows through the blast furnace … bottom … top.

a. since, till b. from, till

c. from, to d. from, up to

5. The whole arrangement resembled a pig suckling her litter, so the lengths from the shorter channels … as pigs.

a. had been known b. were known

c. is known d. has been known

6. All cast irons … be divided into three groups.

a. must b. may c. might d. have to

7. … is much more ductile than grey and white iron.

a. There b. The c. It d. Their

8. The beneficial effects of alloying elements become especially apparent when the steel … to heat treatment.

a. was subjected b. subjects

c. subjected d. has been subjected

9. This water treatment system … to be capable of protecting all water systems onboard ships from corrosion for up to nine years.

a. is said b. are said c. said d. says

10. The ICCP systems are said … the best solution.

a. provide b. provides c. to provide d. are provided

4.17. Just for fun.

“Come up to the blackboard, John, and answer my question,” said the teacher.

“I’m sorry ... ” began the boy.

“What’s the matter with you?” asked the teacher. “Are you afraid of my questions?”

“Not at all,” answered John. “I’m afraid of my answers.”

NON-FERROUS METALS

4.18. Read the text and agree and disagree with the statements after it.

Non-ferrous metals

Although nearly 80% of all elements are called “metals”, only about two dozen of these are used as structural materials. Ferrous alloys are specified for more engineering applications than all non-ferrous metals combined. However, the large family of non-ferrous metals offers a wider variety of physical and mechanical properties. Many non-ferrous metals are used as coatings and nuclear materials, in electronic devices and as minor constituents in other systems. Availability, abundance, and the cost of converting the metals into useful forms are important factors in selecting a non-ferrous metal.

Among non-ferrous metals copper is the most important. Because of its high electric conductivity the major portion of copper produced is used by the electrical industries. Three chief groups of copper alloys used in machine design are brasses (copper-zinc alloys), bronzes (copper-tin alloys), and nickel-copper alloys.

Aluminium is the most abundant of all the metals. It has a very low density, 2.7, and is used in construction when a metal is required and weight is an important consideration. The tensile strength of aluminium is low in comparison with that of iron. For greater strength aluminium is alloyed with other elements such as manganese, silicon, copper, magnesium or zinc.

Alloys of copper and aluminium which contain from 5 to 10% of the latter are called aluminium bronzes. They have a fine yellow colour resembling gold and are used in making imitation jewellery and statuary.

On account of their low electrical resistance, many aluminium alloys are used as electrical conductors.

Non-ferrous metals are more expensive than steel and nearly all are inferior in strength. However, most non-ferrous metals have better corrosion resistance than steel and are usually more easy to cast and to work. Many of non-ferrous metals have other valuable properties peculiar to them.

When Concorde was built, a material was needed which could withstand extreme aerodynamic conditions and would have a life of at least 45,000 flying hours. To achieve this, a special tough and lightweight aluminium alloy was developed and used in over 70% of Concorde’s structure. Another light metal, titanium, was used in the engine surrounds to withstand temperatures of 4000˚C.

1. Most of the Earth elements are used as structural materials.

2. A non-ferrous metal can be selected for industrial use as it is widespread.

3. Copper is the most significant non-ferrous metal in the electrical industries due to its low electric conductivity.

4. Aluminium is the lightest metal.

5. Aluminium bronzes look like gold.

6. Aluminium alloys are employed as electrical conductors because of its low density.

7. Non-ferrous metals are no stronger than steel.

8. Many of non-ferrous metals have unique properties.